Compound for the sequestration of undesirable antibodies in a patient

ABSTRACT

A compound for the sequestration of undesirable antibodies (e.g. related to an autoimmune disease) in a patient includes an inert biopolymer scaffold, which is an anti-CD163 antibody or CD163-binding fragment thereof, and at least a first peptide n-mer of the general formula P(-S-P)(n-1) and a second peptide n-mer of the general formula P(-S-P)(n-1); wherein, independently for each occurrence, P is a peptide with a sequence length of 2-13 amino acids and S is a non-peptide spacer, wherein, independently for each of the peptide n-mers, n is an integer of at least 1, wherein each of the peptide n-mers is bound to the biopolymer scaffold. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions including the compound, as well as a method of sequestering one or more antibodies present in an individual and a method of inhibiting an immune reaction to a treatment with an active agent.

The field of present invention relates to compounds for the sequestration of undesirable antibodies in an individual, such as antibodies related to autoimmune diseases.

In general, antibodies are essential components of the humoral immune system, offering protection from infections by foreign organisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. However, under certain circumstances—including autoimmune diseases, organ transplantation, blood transfusion or upon administration of biomolecular drugs or gene delivery vectors—antibodies can target the patient's own body (or the foreign tissue or cells or the biomolecular drug or vector just administered), thereby turning into harmful or disease-causing entities. Certain antibodies can also interfere with probes for diagnostic imaging. In the following, such antibodies are generally referred to as “undesired antibodies” or “undesirable antibodies”.

With few exceptions, selective removal of undesired antibodies has not reached clinical practice. It is presently restricted to very few indications: One of the known techniques for selective antibody removal (although not widely established) is immunoapheresis. In contrast to Immunoapheresis (which removes Immunoglobulin), selective immunoapheresis involves the filtration of plasma through an extracorporeal, selective antibody-adsorber cartridge that will deplete the undesired antibody based on selective binding to its antigen binding site. Selective immunoapheresis has for instance been used for removing anti-A or anti-B antibodies from the blood prior to AB0-incompatible transplantation or with respect to indications in transfusion medicine (Teschner et al.). Selective apheresis was also experimentally applied in other indications, such as neuroimmunological indications (Tetala et al.) or myasthenia gravis (Lazaridis et a.l), but is not yet established in the clinical routine. One reason that selective immunoapheresis is only hesitantly applied is the fact that it is a cost intensive and cumbersome intervention procedure that requires specialized medical care. Moreover it is not known in the prior art how to deplete undesired antibodies rapidly and efficiently.

Unrelated to apheresis, Morimoto et al. discloses dextran as a generally applicable multivalent scaffold for improving immunoglobulin-binding affinities of peptide and peptidomimetic ligands such as the FLAG peptide. WO 2011/130324 A1 relates to compounds for prevention of cell injury. EP 3 059 244 A1 relates to a C-met protein agonist.

As mentioned, apheresis is applied extracorporeally. By contrast, also several approaches to deplete undesirable antibodies intracorporeally were proposed in the prior art, mostly in connection with certain autoimmune diseases involving autoantibodies or anti-drug antibodies:

Lorentz et al. discloses a technique whereby erythrocytes are charged in situ with a tolerogenic payload driving the deletion of antigen-specific T cells. This is supposed to ultimately lead to reduction of the undesired humoral response against a model antigen. A similar approach is proposed in Pishesha et al. In this approach, erythrocytes are loaded ex vivo with a peptide-antigen construct that is covalently bound to the surface and reinjected into the animal model for general immunotolerance induction.

WO 92/13558 A1 relates to conjugates of stable nonimmunogenic polymers and analogs of immunogens that possess the specific B cell binding ability of the immunogen and which, when introduced into individuals, induce humoral anergy to the immunogen. Accordingly, these conjugates are disclosed to be useful for treating antibody-mediated pathologies that are caused by foreign- or self-immunogens. In this connection, see also EP 0 498 658 A2.

Taddeo et al. discloses selectively depleting antibody producing plasma cells using anti-CD138 antibody derivatives fused to an ovalbumin model antigen thereby inducing receptor crosslinking and cell suicide in vitro selectively in those cells that express the antibody against the model antigen.

Apitope International NV (Belgium) is presently developing soluble tolerogenic T-cell epitope peptides which may lead to expression of low levels of co-stimulatory molecules from antigen presenting cells inducing tolerance, thereby suppressing antibody response (see e.g. Jansson et al). These products are currently under preclinical and early clinical evaluation, e.g. in multiple sclerosis, Grave's disease, intermediate uveitis, and other autoimmune conditions as well as Factor VIII intolerance.

Similarly, Selecta Biosciences, Inc. (USA) is currently pursuing strategies of tolerance induction by so-called Synthetic Vaccine Particles (SVPs). SVP-Rapamycin is supposed to induce tolerance by preventing undesired antibody production via selectively inducing regulatory T cells (see Mazor et al.).

Mingozzi et al. discloses decoy adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsids that adsorb antibodies but cannot enter a target cell.

WO 2015/136027 A1 discloses carbohydrate ligands presenting the minimal Human Natural Killer-1 (HNK-1) epitope that bind to anti-MAG (myelin-associated glycoprotein) IgM antibodies, and their use in diagnosis as well as for the treatment of anti-MAG neuropathy. WO 2017/046172 A1 discloses further carbohydrate ligands and moieties, respectively, mimicking glycoepitopes comprised by glycosphingolipids of the nervous system which are bound by anti-glycan antibodies associated with neurological diseases. The document further relates to the use of these carbohydrate ligands/moieties in diagnosis as well as for the treatment of neurological diseases associated with anti-glycan antibodies.

US 2004/0258683 A1 discloses methods for treating systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) including renal SLE and methods of reducing risk of renal flare in individuals with SLE, and methods of monitoring such treatment. One disclosed method of treating SLE including renal SLE and reducing risk of renal flare in an individual with SLE involves the administration of an effective amount of an agent for reducing the level of anti-double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibody, such as a dsDNA epitope as in the form of an epitope-presenting carrier or an epitope-presenting valency platform molecule, to the individual.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,637,454 relates to assays and treatments of autoimmune diseases. Agents used for treatment might include peptides homologous to the identified antigenic, molecular mimicry sequences. It is disclosed that these peptides could be delivered to a patient in order to decrease the amount of circulating antibody with a particular specificity.

US 2007/0026396 A1 relates to peptides directed against antibodies, which cause cold-intolerance, and the use thereof. It is taught that by using the disclosed peptides, in vivo or ex vivo neutralization of undesired autoantibodies is possible. A comparable approach is disclosed in WO 1992/014150 A1 or in WO 1998/030586 A2.

WO 2018/102668 A1 discloses a fusion protein for selective degradation of disease-causing or otherwise undesired antibodies. The fusion protein (termed “Seldeg”) includes a targeting component that specifically binds to a cell surface receptor or other cell surface molecule at near-neutral pH, and an antigen component fused directly or indirectly to the targeting component. Also disclosed is a method of depleting a target antigen-specific antibody from a patient by administering to the patient a Seldeg having an antigen component configured to specifically bind the target antigen-specific antibody.

WO 2015/181393 A1 concerns peptides grafted into sunflower-trypsin-inhibitor-(SFTI-) and cyclotide-based scaffolds. These peptides are disclosed to be effective in autoimmune disease, for instance citrullinated fibrinogen sequences that are grafted into the SFTI scaffold have been shown to block autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis and inhibit inflammation and pain. These scaffolds are disclosed to be non-immunogenic.

Erlandsson et al. discloses in vivo clearing of idiotypic antibodies with anti-idiotypic antibodies and their derivatives.

Berlin Cures Holding AG (Germany) has proposed an intravenous broad spectrum neutralizer DNA aptamer (see e.g. WO 2016/020377 A1 and WO 2012/000889 A1) for the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy and other GPCR-autoantibody related diseases that in high dosage is supposed to block autoantibodies by competitive binding to the antigen binding regions of autoantibodies. In general, aptamers did not yet achieve a breakthrough and are still in a preliminary stage of clinical development. The major concerns are still biostability and bioavailability, constraints such as nuclease sensitivity, toxicity, small size and renal clearance. A particular problem with respect to their use as selective antibody antagonists are their propensity to stimulate the innate immune response.

WO 00/33887 A2 discloses methods for reducing circulating levels of antibodies, particularly disease-associated antibodies. The methods entail administering effective amounts of epitope-presenting carriers to an individual. In addition, ex vivo methods for reducing circulating levels of antibodies are disclosed which employ epitope-presenting carriers.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,022,544 A relates to a method for reducing an undesired antibody response in a mammal by administering to the mammal a non-immunogenic construct which is free of high molecular weight immunostimulatory molecules. The construct is disclosed to contain at least two copies of a B cell membrane immunoglobulin receptor epitope bound to a pharmaceutically acceptable non-immunogenic carrier.

However, the approaches to deplete undesirable antibodies intracorporeally disclosed in the prior art have many shortcomings. In particular, neither of them has been approved for regular clinical use.

It is thus an object of the present invention to provide improved compounds and methods for intracorporeal depletion (or sequestration) of undesired antibodies (such as antibodies related to autoimmune disease) in an individual, in particular for use in treatment or prevention of a disease or condition related to the undesired antibody (e.g. of autoimmune disease).

The present invention provides a compound comprising

-   -   a biopolymer scaffold and at least     -   a first peptide n-mer of the general formula:

P(-S-P)_((n−1)) and

-   -   a second peptide n-mer of the general formula:

P(-S-P)_((n-1)).

Independently for each occurrence, P is a peptide with a sequence length of 2-13 amino acids, preferably 3-11 amino acids, more preferably 4-9 amino acids, especially 5-8 amino acids, and S is a non-peptide spacer. Independently for each of the peptide n-mers, n is an integer of at least 1, preferably of at least 2, more preferably of at least 3, even more preferably of at least 4, especially of at least 5. Each of the peptide n-mers is bound to the biopolymer scaffold, preferably via a linker each. The biopolymer scaffold is an anti-CD163 antibody (i.e. an antibody specific for a CD163 protein) or CD163-binding fragment thereof.

Preferably, at least one occurrence of P is P_(a) and/or at least one occurrence of P is P_(b). P_(a) is a defined peptide (i.e. a peptide of defined sequence) with a sequence length of 2-13 amino acids, preferably 3-11 amino acids, more preferably 4-9 amino acids, especially 5-8 amino acids. P_(b) is a defined peptide (i.e. a peptide of defined sequence) with a sequence length of 2-13 amino acids, preferably 3-11 amino acids, more preferably 4-9 amino acids, especially 5-8 amino acids.

The present invention also provides a compound comprising

-   -   a biopolymer scaffold and at least     -   a first peptide n-mer which is a peptide dimer of the formula         P_(a)-S-P_(a) or P_(a)-S-P_(b), wherein P_(a) is a defined         peptide (i.e. a peptide of defined sequence) with a sequence         length of 2-13 amino acids, preferably 3-11 amino acids, more         preferably 4-9 amino acids, especially 5-8 amino acids, P_(b) is         a defined peptide (i.e. a peptide of defined sequence) with a         sequence length of 2-13 amino acids, preferably 3-11 amino         acids, more preferably 4-9 amino acids, especially 5-8 amino         acids, and S is a non-peptide spacer, wherein the first peptide         n-mer is bound to the biopolymer scaffold, preferably via a         linker.

This compound preferably comprises a second peptide n-mer which is a peptide dimer of the formula P_(b)-S-P_(b) or P_(a)-S-P_(b), wherein the second peptide n-mer is bound to the biopolymer scaffold, preferably via a linker.

The biopolymer scaffold is an anti-CD163 antibody (i.e. an antibody specific for a CD163 protein) or CD163-binding fragment thereof.

The present invention further provides a compound, preferably for the sequestration (or depletion) of anti human muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies, anti human muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase antibodies and/or anti human low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 4 antibodies present in a human individual, the compound comprising a biopolymer scaffold and at least two peptides with a sequence length of 7-13 amino acids, wherein each of the peptides independently comprises a 7-13 amino-acid sequence fragment of the AChR subunit alpha sequence identified by UniProt accession code P02708 (optionally wherein the sequence fragment comprises at most five, preferably at most four, more preferably at most three, even more preferably at most two, especially at most one amino acid substitutions (e.g. such that a mimotope is formed)) or of the muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase sequence identified by UniProt accession code O15146 or of the low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 4 sequence identified by UniProt accession code O75096 (optionally wherein the sequence fragment comprises at most five, preferably at most four, more preferably at most three, even more preferably at most two, especially at most one amino acid substitutions (e.g. such that a mimotope is formed)), wherein the peptides are covalently bound to the biopolymer scaffold, preferably via a linker. The biopolymer scaffold is an anti-CD163 antibody (i.e. an antibody specific for a CD163 protein) or CD163-binding fragment thereof.

The present invention also provides a compound, preferably for the sequestration (or depletion) of anti-Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1) antibodies, anti human melatonin-related receptor (GPR50) antibodies and/or anti human type-1 angiotensin II receptor (AT1AR) antibodies present in a human individual, the compound comprising a biopolymer scaffold and at least two peptides with a sequence length of 7-13 amino acids, wherein each of the peptides independently comprises a 7-13 amino-acid sequence fragment of the EBNA1 sequence identified by UniProt accession code Q1HVF7 or P03211 or of the GPR50 sequence identified by UniProt accession code Q13585 or of the type-1 angiotensin II receptor (AT1AR) sequence identified by UniProt accession code P30556, wherein the peptides are covalently bound to the biopolymer scaffold, preferably via a linker. The biopolymer scaffold is an anti-CD163 antibody (i.e. an antibody specific for a CD163 protein) or CD163-binding fragment thereof.

Furthermore, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising any one of the aforementioned compounds and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Preferably, this pharmaceutical composition is for use in therapy, in particular of any one of the diseases or conditions mentioned herein.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of sequestering (or depleting) one or more antibodies present in an individual, comprising obtaining a pharmaceutical composition as defined herein, the composition being non-immunogenic in the individual, where the one or more antibodies present in the individual are specific for at least one occurrence of P, or for peptide P_(a) and/or peptide P_(b); and administering the pharmaceutical composition to the individual.

In yet another aspect, the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition, comprising the compound defined herein and further comprising an active agent and optionally at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. The active agent comprises a peptide fragment with a sequence length of 2-13 amino acids, preferably 3-11 amino acids, more preferably 4-9 amino acids, especially 5-8 amino acids. The sequence of at least one occurrence of peptide P, or peptide P_(a) and/or peptide P_(b), of the compound is at least 70% identical, preferably at least 75% identical, more preferably at least 80% identical, yet more preferably at least 85% identical, even more preferably at least 90% identical, yet even more preferably at least 95% identical, especially completely identical to the sequence of said peptide fragment. Preferably, this pharmaceutical composition is for use in prevention or inhibition of an immune reaction against the active agent.

In even yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting an immune reaction to a treatment with an active agent in an individual in need of treatment with the active agent, comprising obtaining said pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound and the active agent; wherein the compound of the pharmaceutical composition is non-immunogenic in the individual, and administering the pharmaceutical composition to the individual.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method of providing the compound of the invention, comprising the steps of identifying at least one individual having an undesired antibody against an antigen, screening a peptide library to identify a peptide mimotope for which the undesired antibody is specific, and providing the compound, wherein at least one occurrence of P of the compound comprises the entire sequence of the peptide mimotope.

Moreover, in another aspect, the present invention provides a peptide with a CD163 sequence (i.e. a CD163 epitope) as defined below. This peptide can be used to raise further anti-CD163 antibodies to be used as a biopolymer scaffold for the inventive compound.

In the course of the present invention, it was surprisingly found that the compound of the present invention is particularly effective in reducing titres of undesired antibodies in an individual. In particular, the compound is able to achieve especially good results with regard to selectivity, duration of titre reduction and/or level of titre reduction.

The detailed description given below relates to all of the above aspects of the invention unless explicitly excluded.

Intracorporeal depletion of undesired antibodies (as achieved by the present invention) is for example advantageous in autoimmune diseases, organ- and cell transplantation, blood transfusion, or with respect to antibodies that are directed against biotherapeutics, substitution therapeutics or viral gene delivery vectors (such as AAV) or even in diagnostic imaging or in emergency intervention following antibody treatment or active vaccination. In particular, with respect to autoimmune diseases, several hundreds of autoimmune conditions are connected to autoantibodies that bind to defined self-epitopes or neoepitopes present in the body. There appears to be practically no restriction with respect to organs or tissues that can be affected by disease-causing autoantibodies: Table 1 below lists some examples to illustrate the diversity of indication fields where it is beneficial to target undesired antibodies selectively.

TABLE 1 Exemplary list of applications of the present invention: AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES ANTI-DRUG and NEUTRALIZING CNS & Muscle ANTIBODIES MOG seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum ADAs/nABs against coagulation factors disorders ADAs/nABs against enzymes Neuromyelitis Optica ADAs/nABs against growth factors and Autoimmune-Encephalitis hormones Multiple Sclerosis ADAs/nABs against fusion proteins and decoy Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis receptor drugs SLE dementia TRANSPLANTATION and TRANSFUSION Myasthenia gravis MEDICINE Heart & Organs: Alloantibodies Dilatative Cardiomyopathy, pulmonary Blood group antibodies hypertension AB0-incompatible organ Transplantation Chagas' Disease EMERGENCY INTERVENTION other diseases with β1-adrenergic receptors Active vaccine intervention (therapeutic Primary biliary cholangitis vaccines) Sjögren's Syndrome Passive vaccine intervention (therapeutic mABs) Caeliac Disease Cytokine Release Syndrome (e.g. After CART Graves Disease treatment) Goodpasture Disease VIRAL VECTORS IN GENE THERAPY Systemic conditions: IN VIVO DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Sjögren's syndrome Systemic Sclerosis Behcet's Disease Hypertension type I Diabetes type II Diabetes Preeclampsia Blood: Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) Skin: pemphigus vulgaris bullous pemphigoid Epidermolysis bullosa acquista and bullous SLE

For instance, in transplantation medicine, undesired alloantibodies may occur. Alloantibodies are antibodies directed against foreign tissue antigens which can contribute to accelerated transplant rejection after transplantation (Garces et al., 2017). Upon tissue-, bone marrow- and stem cell transplantation, foreign tissue antigens are recognized by T-cells and B-cells producing antibodies against major and minor histocompatibility antigens. Inverse correlation between transplant survival and alloantibody levels confirms the pathogenic role of alloantibodies. Further, depletion of undesired blood group antibodies before and after AB0-incompatible transplantation of organs have been shown to be beneficial to transplant survival (Rummler et al., 2016).

Anti-drug Antibodies (ADAs), sometimes also referred to as neutralizing antibodies (nABs), are a category of undesired antibodies having emerged with the advent of biological drugs carrying epitopes that are recognized as “foreign” thereby inducing an anti-drug antibody response. This immune response can induce neutralizing antibodies (e.g. acting by depletion or blocking of the drug, or by forming immunocomplexes), a phenomenon that correlates with the amount of “foreign” sequences of the drug, inherent immunogenicity of the drug and, importantly, with the propensity to aggregate and to form complexes, once the drug is in the plasma (Moussa et al., 2016). Examples of drugs inducing ADAs include certain antibodies such as anti TNF-alpha antibodies, substitution therapeutics such as Hemophilia Factor VIII or enzymes used in enzyme replacement therapies such as Fabry Disease or such as uricase for the treatment fo refractory gout and other classes of biological therapeutics such as e.g. erythropoietin or interferon.

Similar to the situation with ADAs, pre-existing or induced undesired antibodies against gene therapy vectors are an emerging problem in the field of gene therapy (see e.g. Mingozzi & High, 2017): Gene therapy is rapidly progressing and Adeno Associated Viruses (AAV) but also other viral vector gene delivery vectors show promising preclinical and clinical results. This is particularly important for hematologic diseases such as hemophilia, or in Gaucher disease, porphyria or hemochromatosis or several other genetic diseases with enzyme defects. Much effort has been invested into optimization of AAV vectors, however the problem of pre-existing antibodies or newly induced antibodies against the vector, but also their T-cell immunogenicity is not yet solved. Several strategies to overcome B-cell and T-cell immunity were proposed including serological pre-selection of the target patients eligible for AAV treatment, high vector dosing, capsid decoys that pre-adsorb or deplete pre-existing or newly induced anti AAV antibodies, co-administration of decoy T-cell receptors or less selective approaches such as concomitant immunosuppression. The more pragmatic approaches were AAV serotype switching, plasma exchange therapies, selective immunoapheresis or local application of AAV vectors. Essentially, the immunological strategies boiled down to immunosuppression or tolerance induction. However, none of these strategies could solve the problem of pre-existing neutralizing anti AAV antibodies satisfactorily (see e.g. Majowicz et al.). The main disadvantage of the capsid decoy strategy was that empty capsids were processed by target cells similar to intact AAV particles, thereby facilitating antigen presentation by MHC I and stimulation of T-cells ultimately providing an immunostimulatory effect.

More than 2000 clinical trials for gene therapy (mostly clinical phase I or II trials) were undertaken during the last years. Monogenetic diseases still constitute a significant portion of the typical indications for gene-based therapies. They include a great diversity of indication fields, such as primary immunodeficiencies, inherited neurological disorders, cystic fibrosis, ocular disorders, hemoglobinopathies, hemophilias, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiencies, lipoprotein lipase deficiency, enzyme defects, and many others. Other formats of gene therapy-based strategies such as Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cells (CAR T-Cells) evolve rapidly but still carry the risk for humoral responses against functional components of the system, such as switches, suicide gene products or other non-self and modified protein components, or against the viral gene delivery components or neo-antigens emerging by uncontrolled gene insertions into protein coding sequences. Mechanistically, gene therapy includes gene repair strategies, genome editing technologies and stable or transient gene expression strategies. As mentioned above, a common challenge remains that patients carry pre-existing neutralizing antibodies against viral gene therapy vectors that reduce the efficacy. Importantly, viral gene therapy vectors are often capable of inducing T-cell responses and neutralizing antibodies against viral proteins and their products. In addition, antibody- or T-cell responses can be introduced against the gene product itself or against the introduced DNA editing machinery such as components of the CRISPR/Cas9 containing natural or artificially modified endonucleases (such as prototype Cas9) that can be applied for therapeutic genome editing. Therefore, neutralizing antibodies that affect gene therapy efficacy remain a major challenge in the field of viral gene therapy vector development, in particular when using AAVs, lentiviruses or retroviruses.

Finally, in the context of safety intervention in active immunization trials (i.e. therapeutic vaccination) or passive treatments with antibodies or antibody-like compounds, interventional drugs for rapid selective antibody removal of e.g. therapeutic antibodies or antibody-like biotherapeutic compounds that cause complications under emergency conditions are needed. For these situations, there is especially a lack of rapid and effective selective antibody lowering strategies.

In response to the lack of satisfactory therapeutic strategies that can rapidly and safely remove undesired antibodies such as e.g. myasthenia gravis during a myasthenic crisis, before administration of a substitution therapeutic, before applying a gene targeting vector or in case of an adverse event induced by a therapeutic antibody or any antibody-like biological compound, the present invention provides a particularly suitable solution. The present invention represents a platform for flexible, optionally personalized, biotherapeutics that can be adapted to any type of undesired or harmful polyclonal or monoclonal antibody. In particular, these biotherapeutics can remove undesired antibodies rapidly, making them suitable for urgent interventions.

Human CD163 (Cluster of Differentiation 163) is a 130 kDa membrane glycoprotein (formerly called M130) and prototypic class I scavenger receptor with an extracellular portion consisting of nine scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domains that are responsible for ligand binding. CD163 is an endocytic receptor present on macrophages and monocytes, it removes hemoglobin/haptoglobin complexes from the blood but it also plays a role in anti-inflammatory processes and wound healing. Highest expression levels of CD163 are found on tissue macrophages (e.g. Kupffer cells in the liver) and on certain macrophages in spleen and bone marrow. Because of its tissue-and cell-specific expression and entirely unrelated to depletion of undesirable antibodies, CD163 is regarded as a macrophage target for drug delivery of e.g. immunotoxins, liposomes or other therapeutic compound classes (Skytthe et al., 2020).

Monoclonal anti-CD163 antibodies and the SRCR domains they are binding are for instance disclosed in Madsen et al., 2004, in particular FIG. 7 . Further anti-CD163 antibodies and fragments thereof are e.g. disclosed in WO 2002/032941 A2 or WO 2011/039510 A2. At least two structurally different binding sites for ligands were mapped by using domain-specific antibodies such as e.g. monoclonal antibody (mAB) EDhu1 (see Madsen et al., 2004). This antibody binds to the third SRCR of CD163 and competes with hemoglobin/haptoglobin binding to CD163. Numerous other antibodies against different domains of CD163 were previously described in the literature, including Mac2-158, KiM8, GHI/61 and RM3/1, targeting SRCR domains 1, 3, 7 and 9, respectively. In addition, conserved bacterial binding sites were mapped and it was demonstrated that certain antibodies were able to inhibit either bacterial binding but not hemoglobin/haptoglobin complex binding and vice versa. This points to different modes of binding and ligand interactions of CD163 (Fabriek et al., 2009; see also citations therein).

Entirely unrelated to depletion of undesirable antibodies, CD163 was proposed as a target for cell-specific drug delivery because of its physiological properties. Tumor-associated macrophages represent one of the main targets where the potential benefit of CD163-targeting is currently explored. Remarkably, numerous tumors and malignancies were shown to correlate with CD163 expression levels, supporting the use of this target for tumor therapy. Other proposed applications include CD163 targeting by anti-drug conjugates (ADCs) in chronic inflammation and neuroinflammation (reviewed in Skytthe et al., 2020). Therefore, CD163-targeting by ADCs notably with dexamethasone or stealth liposome conjugates represents therapeutic principle which is currently studied (Graversen et al., 2012; Etzerodt et al., 2012).

In that context, there are references indicating that anti-CD163 antibodies can be rapidly internalized by endocytosis when applied in vivo. This was shown for example for mAB Ed-2 (Dijkstra et al., 1985; Graversen et al., 2012) or for mAB Mac2-158/KN2/NRY (Granfeldt et al., 2013). Based on those observations in combination with observations made in the course of the present invention (see in particular example section), anti-CD163 antibodies and CD163-binding turned out to be highly suitable biopolymer scaffolds for depletion/sequestration of undesirable antibodies.

Numerous anti-CD163 antibodies and CD163-binding fragments thereof are known in the art (see e.g. above). These are suitable to be used as a biopolymer scaffold for the present invention. For instance, any anti-CD163 antibody or fragment thereof mentioned herein or in WO 2011/039510 A2 (which is included herein by reference) may be used as a biopolymer scaffold in the invention. Preferably, the biopolymer scaffold of the inventive compound is antibody Mac2-48, Mac2-158, 5C6-FAT, BerMac3, or E10B10 as disclosed in WO 2011/039510, in particular humanised Mac2-48 or Mac2-158 as disclosed in WO 2011/039510 A2.

In a preferred embodiment, the anti-CD163 antibody or CD163-binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy-chain variable (V_(H)) region comprising one or more complementarity-determining region (CDR) sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 11-13 of WO 2011/039510 A2.

In addition, or alternatively thereto, in a preferred embodiment, the anti-CD163 antibody or CD163-binding fragment thereof comprises a light-chain variable (V_(L)) region comprising one or more CDR sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 14-16 of WO 2011/039510 A2 or selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:17-19 of WO 2011/039510 A2.

In a further preferred embodiment, the anti-CD163 antibody or CD163-binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy-chain variable (V_(H)) region comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20 of WO 2011/039510 A2.

In addition, or alternatively thereto, in a preferred embodiment, the anti-CD163 antibody or CD163-binding fragment thereof comprises a light-chain variable (V_(L)) region comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21 of WO 2011/039510 A2.

In a further preferred embodiment, the anti-CD163 antibody or CD163-binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy-chain variable (V_(H)) region comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22 of WO 2011/039510 A2.

In addition, or alternatively thereto, in a preferred embodiment, the anti-CD163 antibody or CD163-binding fragment thereof comprises a light-chain variable (V_(L)) region comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23 of WO 2011/039510 A2.

In a further preferred embodiment, the anti-CD163 antibody or CD163-binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy-chain variable (V_(H)) region comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24 of WO 2011/039510 A2.

In addition, or alternatively thereto, in a preferred embodiment, the anti-CD163 antibody or CD163-binding fragment thereof comprises a light-chain variable (V_(L)) region comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25 of WO 2011/039510 A2.

In the context of the present invention, the anti-CD163 antibody may be a mammalian antibody such as a humanized or human antibody, a non-human primate antibody, a sheep antibody, a pig antibody, a dog antibody or a rodent antibody. In embodiments, the anti-CD163 antibody may monoclonal.

According to a preference, the anti-CD163 antibody is selected from IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE and IgM.

According to a further preference, the CD163-binding fragment is selected from a Fab, a Fab′, a F(ab)2, a Fv, a single-chain antibody, a nanobody and an antigen-binding domain.

CD163 amino acid sequences are for instance disclosed in WO 2011/039510 A2 (which is included here by reference). In the context of the present invention, the anti-CD163 antibody or CD163-binding fragment thereof is preferably specific for a human CD163, especially with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 28-31 of WO 2011/039510 A2.

In a further preferred embodiment, the anti-CD163 antibody or CD163-binding fragment thereof is specific for the extracellular region of CD163 (e.g. for human CD163: amino acids 42-1050 of UniProt Q86VB7, sequence version 2), preferably for an SRCR domain of CD163, more preferably for any one of SRCR domains 1-9 of CD163 (e.g. for human CD163: amino acids 51-152, 159-259, 266-366, 373-473, 478-578, 583-683, 719-819, 824-926 and 929-1029, respectively, of UniProt Q86VB7, sequence version 2), even more preferably for any one of SRCR domains 1-3 of CD163 (e.g. for human CD163: amino acids 51-152, 159-259, 266-366, and 373-473, respectively, of UniProt Q86VB7, sequence version 2), especially for SRCR domain 1 of CD163 (in particular with the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-8 of WO 2011/039510 A2, especially SEQ ID NO: 1 of WO 2011/039510 A2).

In a particular preference, the anti-CD163 antibody or CD163-binding fragment thereof is capable of competing for binding to (preferably human) CD163 with a (preferably human) hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex (e.g. in an ELISA).

In another particular preference, the anti-CD163 antibody or CD163-binding fragment thereof is capable of competing for binding to human CD163 with any of the anti-human CD163 mAbs disclosed herein, in particular Mac2-48 or Mac2-158 as disclosed in WO 2011/039510 A2.

In yet another particular preference, the anti-CD163 antibody or CD163-binding fragment thereof is capable of competing for binding to human CD163 with an antibody having a heavy chain variable (VH) region consisting of the amino acid sequence

(SEQ ID NO: 1) DVQLQESGPGLVKPSQSLSLTCTVTGYSITSDYAWNWIRQFPGNKLEWMG YITYSGITNYNPSLKSQISITRDTSKNQFFLQLNSVTTEDTATYYCVSGT YYFDYWGQGTTLTVSS,

-   -   and having a light-chain variable (VL) region consisting of the         amino acid sequence

(e.g. in an ELISA) (SEQ ID NO: 2) SVVMTQTPKSLLISIGDRVTITCKASQSVSSDVAWFQQKPGQSPKPLIYY ASNRYTGVPDRFTGSGYGTDFTFTISSVQAEDLAVYFCGQDYTSPRTFGG GTKLEIKRA.

Details on competitive binding experiments are known to the person of skilled in the art (e.g. based on ELISA) and are for instance disclosed in WO 2011/039510 A2 (which is included herein by reference).

The epitopes of antibodies E10B10 and Mac2-158 as disclosed in WO 2011/039510 were mapped (see example section). These epitopes are particularly suitable for binding of the anti-CD163 antibody (or CD163-binding fragment thereof) of the inventive compound.

Accordingly, in particularly preferred embodiment, the anti-CD163 antibody or CD163-binding fragment thereof is specific for peptide consisting of 7-25, preferably 8-20, even more preferably 9-15, especially 10-13 amino acids, wherein the peptide comprises the amino acid sequence CSGRVEVKVQEEWGTVCNNGWSMEA (SEQ ID NO: 3) or a 7-24 amino-acid fragment thereof. Preferably, this peptide comprises the amino acid sequence G:RVEVKVQEEW (SEQ ID NO: 4), WGTVCNNGWS (SEQ ID NO: 5) or WGTVCNNGW (SEQ ID NO: 6). More preferably, the peptide comprises an amino acid sequence selected from EWGTVCNNGWSME (SEQ ID NO: 7), QEEWGTVCNNGWS (SEQ ID NO: 8), WGTVCNNGWSMEA (SEQ ID NO: 9), EEWGTVCNNGWSM (SEQ ID NO: 10), VQEEWGTVCNNGW (SEQ ID NO: 11), EWGTVCNNGW (SEQ ID NO: 12) and WGTVCNNGWS (SEQ ID NO: 5). Even more preferably, the peptide consists of an amino acid sequence selected from EWGTVCNNGWSME (SEQ ID NO: 14), QEEWGTVCNNGWS (SEQ ID NO 15), WGTVCNNGWSMEA (SEQ ID NO 16), EEWGTVCNNGWSM (SEQ ID NO: 17), VQEEWGTVCNNGW (SEQ ID NO: 18), EWGTVCNNGW (SEQ ID NO: 19) and WGTVCNNGWS (SEQ ID NO: 20), optionally with an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine residue.

Accordingly, in another particularly preferred embodiment, the anti-CD163 antibody or CD163-binding fragment thereof is specific for a peptide consisting of 7-25, preferably 8-20, even more preferably 9-15, especially 10-13 amino acids, wherein the peptide comprises the amino acid sequence DHVSCRGNESALWDCKHDGWG (SEQ ID NO: 21) or a 7-20 amino-acid fragment thereof. Preferably, this peptide comprises the amino acid sequence ESALW (SEQ ID NO: 22) or ALW. More preferably, the peptide comprises an amino acid sequence selected from ESALWDC (SEQ ID NO: 23), RGNESALWDC (SEQ ID NO: 24), SCRGNESALW (SEQ ID NO: 25), VSCRGNESALWDC (SEQ ID NO: 26), ALWDCKHDGW (SEQ ID NO: 27), DHVSCRGNESALW (SEQ ID NO: 28), CRGNESALWD (SEQ ID NO: 29), NESALWDCKHDGW (SEQ ID NO: 30) and ESALWDCKHDGWG (SEQ ID NO: 31).

Even more preferably, the peptide consists of an amino acid sequence selected from ESALWDC (SEQ ID NO: 23), RGNESALWDC (SEQ ID NO: 24), SCRGNESALW (SEQ ID NO: 25), VSCRGNESALWDC (SEQ ID NO: 26), ALWDCKHDGW (SEQ ID NO: 27), DHVSCRGNESALW (SEQ ID NO: 28), CRGNESALWD (SEQ ID NO: 29), NESALWDCKHDGW (SEQ ID NO: 30) and ESALWDCKHDGWG (SEQ ID NO: 31), optionally with an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine residue.

Accordingly, in another particularly preferred embodiment, the anti-CD163 antibody or CD163-binding fragment thereof is specific for a peptide consisting of 7-25, preferably 8-20, even more preferably 9-15, especially 10-13 amino acids, wherein the peptide comprises the amino acid sequence SSLGGTDKELRLVDGENKCS (SEQ ID NO: 32) or a 7-19 amino-acid fragment thereof. Preferably, this peptide comprises the amino acid sequence SSLGGTDKELR (SEQ ID NO: 33) or SSLGG (SEQ ID NO: 34). More preferably, the peptide comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SSLGGTDKELR (SEQ ID NO: 33), SSLGGTDKEL (SEQ ID NO: 78), SSLGGTDKE (SEQ ID NO: 79), SSLGGTDK (SEQ ID NO: 80), SSLGGTD (SEQ ID NO: 81), SSLGGT (SEQ ID NO: 82) and SSLGG (SEQ ID NO: 83). Even more preferably, the peptide consists of an amino acid sequence selected from SSLGGTDKELR (SEQ ID NO: 84), SSLGGTDKEL (SEQ ID NO: 85), SSLGGTDKE (SEQ ID NO: 86), SSLGGTDK (SEQ ID NO: 87), SSLGGTD (SEQ ID NO: 88), SSLGGT (SEQ ID NO: 89) and SSLGG (SEQ ID NO: 34), optionally with an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine residue.

An aspect of the present invention also relates to the aforementioned CD163 peptides themselves. These peptides may be linear or circular.

According to a preference, the CD163 peptide is coupled or fused to a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, preferably a protein carrier and preferably wherein the peptide is covalently coupled to the carrier.

According to a further preference, wherein the carrier is a protein, preferably selected from the group of keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH), tetanus toxoid (TT), protein D or diphtheria toxin (DT), especially KLH.

Unrelated to the context of the CD163 peptides, the peptides (or peptide n-mers) are preferably covalently conjugated (or covalently bound) to the inventive biopolymer scaffold via a (non-immunogenic) linker known in the art such as for example amine-to-sulfhydryl linkers and bifunctional NHS-PEG-maleimide linkers or other linkers known in the art. Alternatively, the peptides (or peptide n-mers) can be bound to the epitope carrier scaffold e.g. by formation of a disulfide bond between the protein and the peptide (which is also referred to as “linker” herein), or using non-covalent assembly techniques, spontaneous isopeptide bond formation or unnatural amino acids for bio-orthogonal chemistry via genetic code expansion techniques (reviewed by Howarth et al. 2018 and Lim et al. 2016).

The compound of the present invention may comprise e.g. at least two, preferably between 3 and 40 copies of one or several different peptides (which may be present in different forms of peptide n-mers as disclosed herein). The compound may comprise one type of epitopic peptide (in other words: antibody-binding peptide or paratope-binding peptide), however the diversity of epitopic peptides bound to one biopolymer scaffold molecule can be a mixture of e.g. up to 8 different epitopic peptides.

Typically, since the peptides present in the inventive compound specifically bind to selected undesired antibodies, their sequence is usually selected and optimized such that they provide specific binding in order to guarantee selectivity of undesired antibody depletion from the blood. For this purpose, the peptide sequence of the peptides typically corresponds to the entire epitope sequence or portions of the undesired antibody epitope. The peptides used in the present invention can be further optimized by exchanging one, two or up to four amino-acid positions, allowing e.g. for modulating the binding affinity to the undesired antibody that needs to be depleted. Such single or multiple amino-acid substitution strategies that can provide “mimotopes” with increased binding affinity and are known in the field and were previously developed using phage display strategies or peptide microarrays. In other words, the peptides used in the present invention do not have to be completely identical to the native epitope sequences of the undesired antibodies.

Typically, the peptides used in the compound of the present invention (e.g. peptide P or P_(a) or P_(b) or P₁ or P₂) are composed of one or more of the 20 amino acids commonly present in mammalian proteins. In addition, the amino acid repertoire used in the peptides may be expanded to post-translationally modified amino acids e.g. affecting antigenicity of proteins such as post translational modifications, in particular oxidative post translational modifications (see e.g. Ryan 2014) or modifications to the peptide backbone (see e.g. Müller 2018), or to non-natural amino acids (see e.g. Meister et al. 2018). These modifications may also be used in the peptides e.g. to adapt the binding interaction and specificity between the peptide and the variable region of an undesired antibody. In particular, epitopes (and therefore the peptides used in the compound of the present invention) can also contain citrulline as for example in autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, by introducing modifications into the peptide sequence the propensity of binding to an HLA molecule may be reduced, the stability and the physicochemical characteristics may be improved or the affinity to the undesired antibody may be increased.

In many cases, the undesired antibody that is to be depleted is oligo- or polyclonal (e.g. autoantibodies, ADAs or alloantibodies are typically poly- or oligoclonal), implying that undesired (polyclonal) antibody epitope covers a larger epitopic region of a target molecule. To adapt to this situation, the compound of the present invention may comprise a mixture of two or several epitopic peptides (in other words: antibody-binding peptides or paratope-binding peptides), thereby allowing to adapt to the polyclonality or oligoclonality of an undesired antibody.

Such poly-epitopic compounds of the present invention can effectively deplete undesired antibodies and are more often effective than mono-epitopic compounds in case the epitope of the undesired antibody extends to larger amino acid sequence stretches.

It is advantageous if the peptides used for the inventive compound are designed such that they will be specifically recognized by the variable region of the undesired antibodies to be depleted. The sequences of peptides used in the present invention may e.g. be selected by applying fine epitope mapping techniques (i.e. epitope walks, peptide deletion mapping, amino acid substitution scanning using peptide arrays such as described in Carter et al. 2004, and Hansen et al. 2013) on the undesired antibodies.

Preferably, the peptide used for the inventive compound (e.g. peptide P or P_(a) or P_(b)) comprises an epitope or epitope part (e.g. at least two, preferably at least three, more preferably at least four, even more preferably at least five, yet even more preferably at least six, especially at least seven or even at least eight amino acids) of one of the following antigens (involved in autoimmune diseases) identified by their UniProt accession code:

-   -   P01023, A8K2U0, P49588, Q5JTZ9, O95477, Q8IZY2, P08183, P33527,         O15438, Q961U4, P00519, P42684, Q9BYF1, P22303, Q99798, P68133,         P60709, P63261, P12814, O43707, P61158, Q13705, P37023, O75077,         Q9UKQ2, Q76LX8, Q6ZMM2, P35611, P07327, P00325, P35348, P25100,         P08588, P07550, P25098, P35626, P30566, P43652, P02771, Q5U5Z8,         Q15109, P35573, Q9UL18, Q9UKV8, O00468, P01019, P30556, Q09666,         P02765, O43918, Q9Y6K8, Q02952, P14550, P15121, O95154, P02768,         P00352, P49189, Q9UM73, P09923, P05187, P03971, P49418, P03950,         Q9BY76, Q15327, P15144, P04083, P50995, P07355, Q3ZCQ2, P12429,         P09525, P08758, P08133, O76027, Q13367, P27695, Q9BZZ5, P02647,         P04114, P02749, P05067, P29972, P55087, Q8N726, P05089, Q9UNA1,         P52566, Q99819, Q15052, P07306, P04424, P08243, Q9BXN1, P15336,         P13637, P05026, P98194, P20648, P51164, P06576, P48047, P54252,         Q8WXX7, P01185, P25311, Q9H6S1, P61769, Q13072, O75531, Q99728,         P10415, P41182, P11274, O14503, Q93088, O00499, O15392, P35226,         P12643, P18075, Q8N8U9, Q13873, P17213, Q9NP55, Q96DR5, Q8TDL5,         P15056, Q7Z569, P38398, P51587, Q58F21, Q8IWQ3, Q8NE79, Q9Y224,         Q13901, P02745, P01024, P00915, P00918, P07451, O00555, Q00975,         Q9NY47, Q9Y698, Q8TC20, Q05682, P27482, P27797, P27824, P04632,         P52907, P42574, Q14790, P31415, P41180, P20810, O15446, P04040,         Q9NTU7, Q5M9N0, Q3V6T2, P10147, P13501, P20248, P14635, P24385,         Q8ND76, P51681, P49368, P48643, P50990, Q9NZQ7, P28906, P16671,         P04234, P15529, P08174, P13987, P01732, P21926, P30305, P12830,         P55291, P22223, P55283, P06493, P42771, P51861, Q01850, Q9H211,         P13688, P06731, Q9UNI1, P49450, P07199, Q03188, Q02224, P49454,         Q9H3R5, Q92674, Q6IPU0, Q7L2Z9, A8MT69, Q5JTW2, P00751, P08603,         Q03591, P36980, Q02985, Q9P2M7, O95992, Q14839, P10645, P36222,         Q15782, Q9UKJ5, Q9Y259, P11229, P08172, P20309, P08173, P08912,         P02708, Q9UGM1, P11230, Q8NCH0, Q99828, O75339, Q14011, Q07065,         P12277, Q96MX0, P06732, A8K7I4, O95832, O75508, P30622, Q96KN2,         Q12860, Q02246, Q8IWV2, O94779, Q9UQ52, P78357, Q9UHC6, Q7Z7A1,         P38432, Q5TAT6, Q9UMD9, P02452, Q01955, P29400, Q14031, P12111,         Q02388, Q9Y215, P49747, Q14019, P00450, P16870, Q8TCG5, P17927,         Q9NS37, Q9UJA2, P02741, P02511, P53674, O95825, O75390, Q9Y600,         P04141, P09919, P0DML2, Q14406, Q6UVK1, Q01459, Q9GZU7, P16410,         P35222, P53634, P07339, P08311, Q14247, O60494, Q14999, Q86UP6,         P61073, P05108, P05093, P04798, P05177, P08686, P11509, P20813,         P33261, P11712, P10635, P05181, P08684, Q8N907, P09172, P43146,         P07585, P20711, Q16832, Q9NR30, O00571, Q86XP3, Q9NY93, O75398,         P35659, P17661, Q96SL1, O94907, P10515, P09622, P36957, P24855,         Q8NFT8, O00429, Q8N608, P27487, P42658, Q14195, Q9BPU6, P21728,         P14416, Q08554, Q02487, Q14574, Q02413, Q14126, P32926, Q86SJ6,         P15924, Q03001, Q9NRD8, Q05923, O75923, O95905, Q9NTX5, Q16610,         O43854, P25101, Q15075, P68104, O00418, O95967, P01133, P00533,         P20042, P38919, Q04637, P08246, Q12926, Q14576, P26378, P15502,         P19622, P06733, P09104, P22413, O43768, P11171, P16422, P07099,         P34913, P01588, P11678, P58107, P04626, Q96RT1, Q8IUD2, Q14264,         P10768, P03372, Q9Y603, Q92817, Q9Y3B2, Q01780, Q13868, Q9NQT5,         Q9NPD3, Q9NQT4, Q5RKV6, Q15024, Q96B26, Q06265, P15311, P00488,         P08709, P00451, P00740, P15090, Q14320, P48023, P49327, Q8TES7,         P22087, P35555, Q75N90, P09467, P12319, O75015, O75636, Q7L513,         P02675, P11362, P62942, Q9UIM3, P20930, Q14315, O75955, Q14254,         O43155, P35916, P02751, Q04609, P01225, Q12841, O95954, P02794,         P02792, P09958, P35637, P51114, Q9UM11, P35575, O95166, P60520,         Q9UBS5, O75899, Q99259, Q05329, Q13065, P22466, Q14376, P04406,         P41250, P01350, P15976, P50440, P02774, P01275, Q8N6F7, P23434,         P55107, P50395, P56159, Q9UJY5, P01241, P01286, Q9UBU3, P09681,         O14908, P29033, Q9NS71, Q6ZMI3, P23415, P15104, Q6IB77, P49915,         Q13823, P01148, P30968, Q92805, Q08379, Q08378, Q13439, A6NI86,         A8MQT2, Q14789, P07359, P55259, P40197, Q9HCN6, P14770, Q9NQX3,         P06744, Q13098, P24298, P18283, P42261, P42262, P42263, P48058,         O43424, P39086, Q13002, Q16478, Q05586, Q12879, Q13224, Q4V328,         Q13255, P41594, P28799, P07492, P08263, P21266, P78417, P09211,         Q00403, P35269, P25092, P08236, P02724, P07305, P16104, O75367,         P84243, P12081, Q96D42, P68871, Q13547, Q92769, O15379, P56524,         Q9UQL6, P19113, Q9UBI9, P51858, Q00341, Q9NRV9, O00291, O75146,         P54198, P16402, P58876, P62805, P19367, P09429, P26583, P04035,         Q01581, P54868, P05114, P05204, Q14541, P09651, P22626, Q99729,         Q14103, P52597, P31943, P31942, P61978, P14866, Q8WVV9, Q9NSC5,         Q99714, Q7Z5P4, P14060, P08238, P14625, PODMV8, PODMV9, P34932,         P11021, P11142, P04792, Q12988, P10809, Q92598, P08908, Q13639,         Q9Y4L1, P10997, Q05084, Q9UMF0, 075874, Q5TF58, Q16666, Q9BYX4,         P01563, P01574, P01579, Q9NWB7, P05019, P08069, P01344, Q9NZI8,         Q9Y6M1, O00425, P11717, P18065, P17936, P01876, P01877, P01854,         P01857, P01859, P01860, P01861, A6NGN9, Q8N6C5, P22301, Q13651,         Q08334, Q14005, Q16552, Q96PD4, Q14116, P01583, P01584, P14778,         P60568, Q9GZX6, P08700, P05112, P05231, P40189, Q96LU5, Q9NV31,         P29218, O14732, P12268, Q9NQS7, P01308, Q96T92, P06213, P46940,         Q14653, Q13568, P35568, P17301, P08514, P23229, P20701, P11215,         P05107, P05106, P16144, Q14643, Q9Y6Y0, O60674, P17275, Q15046,         P16389, P22459, Q9UK17, Q9NZI2, Q9NS61, P78508, P48050, P51787,         O43525, Q8N5I3, Q6PI47, P35968, Q9Y4F3, Q96Q89, P43626, P43628,         Q5JT82, Q53G59, Q8IXQ5, Q9UKR3, P03952, P26715, P26717, Q13241,         P13645, P02533, P19012, P08779, Q04695, P05783, P08727, P12035,         Q8N1N4, P05787, Q9NSB2, O15230, P11047, P13473, Q14739, P31025,         P13796, P07195, P01130, Q9Y2U8, P09382, P05162, P17931, Q08380,         Q3ZCW2, O95970, Q5TDP6, P22888, P49917, P07098, P02545, P20700,         Q03252, P61968, P29536, P08519, Q07954, P98164, O75096, Q8TF66,         Q32MZ4, Q8ND56, Q9Y4Z0, P02788, Q17RY6, P20645, Q8NHW3, P20916,         P43358, O15479, O60732, Q9HOU3, P46821, P11137, Q16584, O43318,         P45984, Q16644, P21941, O00339, P56270, P02144, Q9UIS9, P11226,         P02686, Q01726, P32245, Q8IVS2, Q99705, Q969V1, Q8TDD5, Q8NE86,         P40925, Q00987, O00255, P50579, P46013, Q16655, P03956, P45452,         P08253, P09237, P14780, Q13201, Q13875, Q16653, Q13724, Q14149,         Q9UBU8, O00566, Q99547, P40238, P05164, Q00013, Q9NZW5, P25189,         P22897, Q9Y605, P82909, P43246, P52701, Q13421, P26038, Q9UJ68,         P26927, Q13043, Q04912, Q9NZJ7, Q86UE4, P15941, Q8WXI7, O15146,         Q9UIF7, P10242, P01106, Q99417, P12524, Q8N699, P12882, P35580,         P35749, Q9UKX3, Q7Z406, Q9Y2K3, Q9UKX2, P11055, Q9Y623, P13533,         P12883, A7E2Y1, P13535, P35579, BOI1T2, P54296, Q14CX7, E9PAV3,         Q13765, Q8WY41, Q96I59, Q9UBB6, Q9UHB4, Q00604, P28331, P20929,         P07196, P07197, Q8NG66, Q8TD19, O60524, O94856, P01138, Q8N4C6,         P30414, P59047, Q8N427, Q13253, Q15155, P29475, P51513, Q9UNW9,         P55786, O60500, P06748, P01160, P17342, P01303, Q9Y5X4, Q8IXM6,         Q9ULB1, Q9HDB5, Q9Y4C0, Q9NXX6, P04629, Q16620, Q16288, Q02818,         P80303, Q14980, P49790, Q8TEM1, O15504, Q14990, Q5BJF6, Q9ULJ1,         Q6UX06, P78380, P41143, P35372, Q9P0S3, Q92791, Q9UQ80, Q13310,         Q9UM07, Q7Z2X7, Q5JRK9, Q96GU1, Q13177, Q99497, P09874, P40424,         Q15154, P12004, P29120, Q8WUM4, O95263, O76083, P16234, P09619,         O00330, P30101, Q8N165, O00151, Q5T2W1, P16284, P02776, P10720,         P35080, P18669, P00558, O95394, P35232, Q99623, Q9BVI0, Q92576,         O43175, P11309, O75364, Q9Y446, P04054, Q13018, P16885, Q15149,         Q9H7P9, P40967, P29590, Q01453, Q9NR77, P54277, P16233, P54317,         Q8ND90, Q9UL42, P00491, Q9H9Y6, O14802, Q99575, P16435, Q15063,         Q01851, Q12837, Q15181, P62937, O60437, P35813, P01298, Q9HAZ2,         P32119, Q13162, P30041, P13727, Q92954, P17612, P17252, P01236,         P04553, P04554, O60678, P04070, Q9UNN8, P54821, Q99811, P07477,         P24158, Q9BXM0, O43653, O75475, P20618, P40306, P49721, P28074,         P28062, P28065, P61289, Q6PGN9, P26599, Q8WV60, P01270, P06454,         Q06124, Q9Y2R2, P08575, Q12913, Q16849, Q92932, Q86Y79, Q9UHX1,         P20472, Q9BRP8, P51153, Q9UI14, Q15276, P63244, Q92878, Q06609,         P04049, Q15311, Q9UKM9, Q14498, P38159, P10745, Q06330, P53805,         O95199, Q9P258, P35243, P46063, P05451, Q8IX06, P57771, P08100,         P12271, O60930, O00584, Q9ULK6, Q99942, Q9UBF6, P13489, O75116,         Q01973, P15927, Q9Y2J0, Q9UNE2, Q02878, P05388, P05386, P05387,         Q9BUL9, P78346, P78345, P62277, P60866, O75676, O43159, Q15404,         O00442, Q92541, Q9NQC3, Q9Y265, Q9Y230, P48443, P21817, Q92736,         P31151, P04271, PODJI8, PODJI9, P10523, P49591, O43290, Q99590,         Q8WTV0, Q14108, P13521, P05408, Q14524, Q9BWW7, P34741, Q86SQ7,         Q9UDX4, Q13228, P16109, P04279, Q9HC62, P49908, Q9HD40, P01009,         P05543, P30740, P29508, P48594, P35237, P05121, P07093, P05155,         Q9BYW2, Q7Z333, Q8N474, Q9BWM7, Q99961, O15266, O60902, Q9NYZ4,         Q9Y336, Q9HOK1, Q14190, Q13239, Q14493, Q9HOC2, P12235, P05141,         Q9H2B4, O43511, P11168, Q8IWU4, O00400, P08195, Q8IWA5, P48751,         Q9Y6R1, Q9BRV3, Q92911, P37840, O76070, P08621, P09012, P14678,         P09234, P62314, P62316, P62318, P62304, P62306, P62308, P63162,         O14512, P00441, P04179, Q9BQB4, O00570, P56693, P35716, O15370,         O60248, Q9UN79, O95416, Q9H6I2, P35713, P48431, Q9Y651, P41225,         O94993, Q06945, P35711, P35712, Q9BT81, P57073, P48436, P08047,         P23497, Q13342, Q9H930, Q15506, Q8NOX2, P00995, P16150, O43791,         P10451, Q8TCT8, Q8TCT7, Q8TCT6, Q13813, Q13501, P10124, P61011,         O76094, Q05066, P05455, O43805, P61278, Q13586, Q9P246, P31948,         P49842, P16949, Q7Z7C7, Q13033, O75558, P61266, Q13190, Q8IWZ8,         Q9Y2Z0, Q8IWU6, P63165, P61956, P17600, P08247, P21579, P37837,         Q15633, Q13148, P26639, Q9NYW0, P20226, O60806, P24557, P17987,         O60522, O14746, P02787, P05549, Q92734, P10646, P02786, P01266,         P01137, P21980, Q08188, P49221, P07204, P40225, P10827, P10828,         Q9UPZ6, P31483, P29401, Q9Y490, O60602, Q8TDI7, P17152, P42167,         P42166, P01375, O00300, P43489, P19237, P48788, P19429, P13805,         P45379, P45378, P09430, Q8NDV7, P11387, Q969P6, P11388, Q13472,         O95985, P04637, Q9H3D4, O15350, P60174, P09493, P07202, P12270,         P56180, O43280, Q92519, Q96RU7, P19474, O15164, Q9UPN9, Q6AZZ1,         P10155, P48995, Q13507, Q7Z4N2, Q7Z2W7, Q9HBAO, Q9BZW7, P01222,         P16473, Q9H2G4, Q14166, Q8WZ42, P02766, P07437, O00294, Q15672,         Q9P2K2, Q86VQ3, Q6A555, P14679, Q9BZF9, Q13404, Q14139, O95155,         P11441, Q9UMX0, P17480, P09936, P15374, Q9Y3C8, P19224, P16662,         P07911, Q8TCY9, Q9Y6N9, Q13107, P63027, Q15836, P18206, P55072,         P21796, P08670, P04275, O75083, Q14191, P98170, Q13426, P13010,         P12956, P67809, Q9Y2T7, O43829, Q13105, Q15915, O95409, Q8N9L1,         Q9UDV7, Q9Y3S2, Q9UL40, Q14966, Q9HOM5, Q9Y5V0, Q96C28, Q9H5H4.

In a further preference, the peptide used for the inventive compound (e.g. peptide P or P_(a) or P_(b)) comprises an epitope or epitope part (e.g. at least two, preferably at least three, more preferably at least four, even more preferably at least five, yet even more preferably at least six, especially at least seven or even at least eight amino acids) of one of the following histocompatibility antigens identified by their UniProt accession code:

-   -   P04233, O15523, O14602, Q30201, P01891, P01892, P04439, P05534,         P10314, P10316, P13746, P16188, P16189, P16190, P18462, P30443,         P30447, P30450, P30453, P30455, P30456, P30457, P30459, P30512,         Q09160, P01889, P03989, P10319, P18463, P18464, P18465, P30460,         P30461, P30462, P30464, P30466, P30475, P30479, P30480, P30481,         P30483, P30484, P30485, P30486, P30487, P30488, P30490, P30491,         P30492, P30493, P30495, P30498, P30685, Q04826, Q29718, Q29836,         Q29940, Q31610, Q31612, Q95365, P04222, P10321, P30499, P30501,         P30504, P30505, P30508, P30510, Q07000, Q29865, Q29960, Q29963,         Q95604, Q9TNN7, P28067, P28068, P06340, P13765, P20036, P04440,         P01909, P01906, P01920, P05538, P01903, P01911, P01912, P04229,         P13760, P13761, P20039, Q29974, Q30134, Q30167, Q5Y7A7, Q95IE3,         Q9GIY3, Q9TQE0, P79483, P13762, Q30154, P13747, P30511, P17693,         Q9BY66, Q29983, Q29980, P22090, Q03519, O14607, P08048.

In another preference, the peptide used for the inventive compound (e.g. peptide P or P_(a) or P_(b)) comprises an epitope or epitope part (e.g. at least two, preferably at least three, more preferably at least four, even more preferably at least five, yet even more preferably at least six, especially at least seven or even at least eight amino acids) of an AAV-antigen (such as an AAV capsid protein, see e.g. Example 10), in particular wherein the AAV is one of AAV-8, AAV-9, AAV-6, AAV-2 or AAV-5, or of one of the following antigens of gene delivery vectors identified by their UniProt accession code:

-   -   A9RAI0, B5SUY7, O41855, O56137, O56139, P03135, P04133, P04882,         P08362, P10269, P12538, P69353, Q5Y9B2, Q5Y9B4, Q65311, Q6JC40,         Q6VGT5, Q8JQF8, Q8JQG0, Q98654, Q9WBP8, Q9YIJ1; preferably         wherein the peptide comprises the AAV-8 capsid protein sequence         LQQQNT (SEQ ID NO: 35), TTTGQNNNS (SEQ ID NO: 36) or GTANTQ (SEQ         ID NO: 37).

In yet another preference, the peptide used for the inventive compound (e.g. peptide P or P_(a) or P_(b)) comprises an epitope or epitope part (e.g. at least two, preferably at least three, more preferably at least four, even more preferably at least five, yet even more preferably at least six, especially at least seven or even at least eight amino acids) of an AAV-antigen (such as an AAV capsid protein, see e.g. Example 10), in particular wherein the AAV is one of AAV-8, AAV-9, AAV-6, AAV-2 or AAV-5, or of one of the following antigens of gene delivery vectors identified by their UniProt accession code:

-   -   A9RAI0, B5SUY7, O41855, O56137, O56139, P03135, P04133, P04882,         P08362, P10269, P12538, P69353, Q5Y9B2, Q5Y9B4, Q65311, Q6JC40,         Q6VGT5, Q8JQF8, Q8JQG0, Q98654, Q9WBP8, Q9YIJ1; preferably         wherein the peptide comprises the AAV-8 capsid protein sequence         LQQQNT (SEQ ID NO: 35), TTTGQNNNS (SEQ ID NO: 36) or GTANTQ (SEQ         ID NO: 37).

In even yet another preference, the peptide used for the inventive compound (e.g. peptide P or P_(a) or P_(b)) comprises an epitope or epitope part (e.g. at least two, preferably at least three, more preferably at least four, even more preferably at least five, yet even more preferably at least six, especially at least seven or even at least eight amino acids) of one of the following antigens of drugs/active agents identified in Table 2:

Is an international Exemplary non-proprietary prescription Drug/Active agent Sequence available in name (INN)? product Abciximab DrugBank YES Adalimumab DrugBank YES Aflibercept DrugBank YES Agalsidase beta DrugBank YES Albiglutide DrugBank YES Albutrepenonacog alfa DrugBank YES Aldesleukin DrugBank YES Alglucosidase alfa DrugBank YES Anakinra DrugBank YES Asfotase Alfa DrugBank YES Atacicept DrugBank YES Atezolizumab DrugBank YES Becaplermin DrugBank YES Belatacept DrugBank YES Bevacizumab DrugBank YES Cerliponase alfa DrugBank YES Cetuximab DrugBank YES Choriogonadotropin alfa DrugBank YES Denileukin diftitox DrugBank YES Dulaglutide DrugBank YES Elapegademase DrugBank YES Elosulfase alfa DrugBank YES Emicizumab DrugBank YES Eptacog alfa DrugBank YES Erenumab DrugBank YES Etanercept DrugBank YES Filgrastim DrugBank YES Galsulfase DrugBank YES Ibritumomab tiuxetan DrugBank YES Idarucizumab DrugBank YES Idursulfase DrugBank YES interferon alfa-2b DrugBank YES interferon alfacon-1 DrugBank YES Ipilimumab DrugBank YES Ixekizumab DrugBank YES Laronidase DrugBank YES Lutropin alfa DrugBank YES Mecasermin DrugBank YES Metreleptin DrugBank YES Ofatumumab DrugBank YES Omalizumab DrugBank YES Oportuzumab monatox DrugBank YES Oprelvekin DrugBank YES Palifermin DrugBank YES Pegademase DrugBank YES Pegloticase DrugBank YES Rasburicase DrugBank YES Rilonacept DrugBank YES Rituximab DrugBank YES Romiplostim DrugBank YES Sebelipase alfa DrugBank YES Tagraxofusp DrugBank YES Tasonermin DrugBank YES Thyrotropin alfa DrugBank YES Trastuzumab DrugBank YES Turoctocog alfa DrugBank YES Alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor DrugBank Aralast NP Antihemophilic factor human DrugBank Hemofil M Drotrecogin alfa DrugBank Xigris Erythropoietin DrugBank Abseamed Follitropin DrugBank Bemfola Interferon alpha-1 DrugBank MultiferonT Interferon alpha-10 DrugBank MultiferonT Interferon alpha-14 DrugBank MultiferonT Interferon alpha-2 DrugBank MultiferonT Interferon alpha-21 DrugBank MultiferonT Interferon alpha-8 DrugBank MultiferonT Interferon beta-1a DrugBank Avonex interferon gamma-1b DrugBank Actimmune Somatotropin DrugBank Gentropin Corifollitropin alfa KEGG YES Efmoroctocog alfa KEGG YES Eftrenonacog alfa KEGG YES Evolocumab KEGG YES Natalizumab KEGG YES Taliglucerase alfa KEGG YES Teprotumumab KEGG YES Velmanase alpha UniProt O00754 YES Factor XIII (alpha and beta chain) UniProt P00488 & Corifact P05160 E coli Asparaginase UniProt P00805 Elspar Antithrombin III UniProt P01008 YES Beta-nerve growth factor (NGF) UniProt P01138 Parathyroid hormone UniProt P01270 YES Insulin UniProt P01308 YES Alglucerase UniProt P04062 YES Von Willebrand Factor Human UniProt P04275 Humate-P Plasma protease C1 inhibitor UniProt P05155 Berinert Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) UniProt P09038 Granulocyte colony-stimulating UniProt P09919 factor (G-CSF) Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase UniProt P17405 Brain-derived neurotrophic factor UniProt P23560 (BDNF) Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic UniProt P39905 factor (GDNF) DrugBank (https://www.drugbank.ca/); KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (https://www.genome.jp/kegg/).

The respective DrugBank and KEGG database accession numbers are listed below in Table 3 (DrugBank and KEGG database versions as of 20 Mar. 2019):

>ENZYMES DB00058 Alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor DB00088 Ceredase/Alglucerase DB00053 Imiglucerase/Cerezyme D09675(KEGG) Taliglucerase alfa DB00061 Pegademase Deaminase bovine DB00103 Agalsidase beta Fabry DB01272 Alglucosidase alfa Pompe DB00090 Laronidase α-L-Iduronidase Hurler, MPS I DB01271 Idursulfase Iduronate-2-Sulfatase M Hunter, MPS II DB09051 Elosulfase alfa N-Acetylgalactosamine-6 Sulfatase Morquio Snydr A, MPS IVA DB01279 Galsulfase N-Acetylgalactosamine-4 Sulfatase Maroteaux-Lamy, MPS VI DB11563 Sebelipase alfa Lysosomal Acid Lipase Wolman, LAL Deficiency DB13173 Cerliponase alfa Batten disease DB11563 Sebelipase alfa Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency (LAL-D) DB09105 Asfotase Alfa Perinatal/infantile- and juvenile-onset hypophosphatasia (HPP) DB14712 Elapegademase Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) D10820(KEGG) Olipudase alpha Niemann Pick D11024 Velmanase alpha (alpha-Mannosidosis) DB00049 Rasburicase (Elitec) urate-oxidase DB09208 Pegloticase (procine-like uricase) >COAGULATION FACTORS DB09109 Turoctocog alfa (modified FVIII) DB00055 Drotrecogin alfa activated human protein C DB13923 Emicizumab mimics FVIII DB00036 Coagulation factor VIIa DB00025 Antihemophilic factor DB13133 Von Willebrand Factor Human (Vovendi) D10831(KEGG) Susoctocog alfa DB00025 hu rec FVIII DB13152 Coagulation Factor IX Human >CYTOKINES: DB00038 Oprelvekin (rec IL11) DB00041 Aldesleukin (IL2) DB06372 Rilonacept (IL1-inhibitor) DB00026 Anakinra (IL1Ra) DB00004 Denileukin diftitox DB00060 Interferon beta 1a DB05258 Interferon alpha DB00105 Interferon alpha 2b DB00069 Interferon alphacon 1 DB00033 Interferon gamma-1b DB00034 Interferon Alfa-2a, Recombinant >HORMONES: DB00024 Thyrotropin alfa DB00097 Choriogonadotropin alfa DB00066 Follitropin DB00044 Lutropin alfa DB00052 Somatotropin DB09043 Albiglutide glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist (GLP-1) DB09046 Metreleptin (Leptin homologue) D08895 (KEGG) Corifollitropin alfa >GROWTH FACTORS: DB00099 Filgrastim (G-CSF) DB01277 Mecasermin DB00039 Palifermin DB00102 Becaplermin (PDGF) DB00039 Palifermin (KGF) DB11626 Tasonermin (TGF alpha) >FUSION PROTEINS: DB08885 Aflibercept (VEGF-R/Fc fusion) DB06372 Rilonacept (IL-1R/Fc fusion) DB05332 Romiplostim (dimer Fc-pep fusion [peptibody], binding thrombopoietin rec) DB14731 Tagraxofusp (IL-3 conjugated truncated diphtheria toxin) DB01281 Abatacept (Fc hinge fusion to CTLA-4) D10830 (KEGG) Efmoroctocog alfa (FVIII-Fc fusion) D10522 (KEGG) Eftrenonacog alfa (human factor IX (FIX)-Fc fusion) DB06372 Rilonacept (IL-1R & IL-1R access prot Fc fusion) DB14731 Tagraxofusp (IL-3 conjugated truncated diphtheria toxin) DB06681 Belatacept (CTLA-4/Fc fusion) DB06399 Atacicept (extracellular ligand binding portion of TACI) DB09043 GLP-1 receptor agonist-albumin fusion DB13884 Albutrepenonacog alfa Recombinant factor IX albumin fusion (Idelvion) DB08885 Aflibercept VEGFR Fc-fusion (Zaltrap) DB09045 Dulaglutide Glucagon like pep 1 receptor agonist Fc-fusion (Trulicity) DB06681 Belatacept CTLA-4 Fc-fusion (Nulojix) DB08885 Aflibercept VEGFR Fc-fusion (Eylea) DB00005 Etanercept Fc fusion [TNFR Fc-fusion] D10830 (KEGG) Efmoroctocog alfa Rec F VIII Fc-fusion Elocta D10522 (KEGG) Eftrenonacog alfa Rec F IX Fc fusion (Alprolix) DB09105 Asfotase Alfa Fc fusion/enzyme asfotase-alfa [Strensiq] >THERAPEUTIC mABs: D06886 (KEGG) Natalizumab DB00073 Rituximab DB00051 Adalimumab/Humira DB06186 Ipilimumab DB00072 Herceptin/Trastuzumab DB00112 Avastin/Bevacizumab DB00005 Etanercept (Enbrel) D10557 (KEGG) Evolocumab DB11569 Ixekizumab (huIgG4 anti interleukin-17A) DB00043 Omalizumab D09680 (KEGG) Teprotumumab >ANTIBODY-FRAGMENTS & DERIVATIVES: DB09264 Idarucizumab (Fab) DB00002 Cetuximab (epidermal growth factor receptor binding FAB) DB05319 Oportuzumab monatox scFv-Toxin fusion DB00078 Ibritumomab (murine IgG1 kappa) tiuxetan DB00054 Abciximab (chimaeric human/mouse mAB) DB00073 Rituximab (hu IgG1kappa) DB06650 Ofatumumab (hu IgG) DB14039 Erenumab (antag. calcitonin gene-rel pep. rec [CGRPR] migraine) DB13923 Emicizumab (mimics the function of the coagulation Factor VIII) DB11595 Atezolizumab (Fc-engineered, hum. mAB recognizing PD-L1) DB09264 Idarucizumab - Fab (inactivates anticoagulant dabigatran)

Drugs/active agents on which the present invention can be applied (i.e. drugs/active agents leading to undesirable antibodies which can be depleted by the compound of present invention) are also disclosed e.g. in Spiess et al. 2015 and Runcie et al. 2018. They may also be a scFv, Fab2, Fab3, Bis-scFv, bivalent minibody, diabody, triabody or tetrabody. Further, such drugs/active agents may be an affibody molecule (Protein Data Bank: 1LP1), affimer (Protein Data Bank: 1NB5), affitin molecule (Protein Data Bank: 4CJ2), anticalin molecule (Protein Data Bank: 4GH7), atrimer molecule (Protein Data Bank: 1TN3), fynomer (Protein Data Bank: 1M27), armadillo repeat protein (Protein Data Bank: 4DB9), Kunitz domain inhibitor (Protein Data Bank: 1ZR0), knottin molecule (Protein Data Bank: 2IT7), designed ankyrin repeat protein (Protein Data Bank: 2Q4J); Protein Databank (PDB) version as of 20 Mar. 2019. Further suitable drugs/active agents are disclosed e.g. in WO 2017/220569 A1, WO 2017/087589 A2, U.S. Pat. No. 82,100,547 and EP 1697421 A2 (in particular SEQ ID NO: 1 thereof). Further active agents are e.g. virus-based vaccine carriers. As above, the peptide used for the inventive compound (e.g. peptide P or P_(a) or P_(b)) may comprise an epitope or epitope part (e.g. at least two, preferably at least three, more preferably at least four, even more preferably at least five, yet even more preferably at least six, especially at least seven or even at least eight amino acids) of the amino acid sequences of any one of the drugs/active agents disclosed in the aforementioned sources.

It is also highly preferred that the peptides used for the inventive compound do not bind to any HLA Class I or HLA Class II molecule (i.e. of the individual to be treated, e.g. human), in order to prevent presentation and stimulation via a T-cell receptor in vivo and thereby induce an immune reaction. It is generally not desired to involve any suppressive (or stimulatory) T-cell reaction in contrast to antigen-specific immunologic tolerization approaches. Therefore, to avoid T-cell epitope activity as much as possible, the peptides of the compound of the present invention (e.g. peptide P or P_(a) or P_(b) or P₁ or P₂) preferably fulfil one or more of the following characteristics:

-   -   To reduce the probability for a peptide used in the compound of         the present invention to bind to an HLA Class II or Class I         molecule, the peptide (e.g. peptide P or P_(a) or P_(b) or P₁ or         P₂) has a preferred length of 4-8 amino acids, although somewhat         shorter or longer lengths are still acceptable.     -   To further reduce the probability that such a peptide binds to         an HLA Class II or Class I molecule, it is preferred to test the         candidate peptide sequence by HLA binding prediction algorithms         such as NetMHCII-2.3 (reviewed by Jensen et al. 2018).         Preferably, a peptide (e.g. peptide P or P_(a) or P_(b) or P₁ or         P₂) used in the compound of the present invention has         (predicted) HLA binding (IC50) of at least 500 nM. More         preferably, HLA binding (IC50) is more than 1000 nM, especially         more than 2000 nM (cf. e.g. Peters et al. 2006). In order to         decrease the likelihood of HLA Class I binding, NetMHCpan 4.0         may also be applied for prediction (Jurtz et al 2017).     -   To further reduce the probability that such a peptide binds to         an HLA Class I molecule, the NetMHCpan Rank percentile         threshhold can be set to a background level of 10% according to         Ko aloglu-Yalgin et al. 2018. Preferably, a peptide (e.g.         peptide P or P_(a) or P_(b) or P₁ or P₂) used in the compound of         the present invention therefore has a % Rank value of more than         3, preferably more than 5, more preferably more than 10         according to the NetMHCpan algorithm.     -   To further reduce the probability that such a peptide binds to         an HLA Class II molecule, it is beneficial to perform in vitro         HLA-binding assays commonly used in the art such as for example         refolding assays, iTopia, peptide rescuing assays or array-based         peptide binding assays. Alternatively, or in addition thereto,         LC-MS based analytics can be used, as e.g. reviewed by Gfeller         et al. 2016.

For stronger reduction of the titre of the undesired antibodies, it is preferred that the peptides used in the present invention are circularized (see also Example 4).

Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, at least one occurrence of P is a circularized peptide. Preferably at least 10% of all occurrences of P are circularized peptides, more preferably at least 25% of all occurrences of P are circularized peptides, yet more preferably at least 50% of all occurrences of P are circularized peptides, even more preferably at least 75% of all occurrences of P are circularized peptides, yet even more preferably at least 90% of all occurrences of P are circularized peptides or even at least 95% of all occurrences of P are circularized peptides, especially all of the occurrences of P are circularized peptides. Several common techniques are available for circularization of peptides, see e.g. Ong et al. 2017. It goes without saying that “circularized peptide” as used herein shall be understood as the peptide itself being circularized, as e.g. disclosed in Ong et al. (and not e.g. grafted on a circular scaffold with a sequence length that is longer than 13 amino acids). Such peptides may also be referred to as cyclopeptides herein.

Further, for stronger reduction of the titre of the undesired antibodies relative to the amount of scaffold used, in a preferred embodiment of the compound of the present invention, independently for each of the peptide n-mers, n is at least 2, more preferably at least 3, especially at least 4. Usually, in order to avoid complexities in the manufacturing process, independently for each of the peptide n-mers, n is less than 10, preferably less than 9, more preferably less than 8, even more preferably less than 7, yet even more preferably less than 6, especially less than 5. To benefit from higher avidity through divalent binding of the undesired antibody, it is highly preferred that, for each of the peptide n-mers, n is 2.

For multivalent binding of the undesired antibodies, it is advantageous that the peptide dimers or n-mers are spaced by a hydrophilic, structurally flexible, immunologically inert, non-toxic and clinically approved spacer such as (hetero-)bifunctional and -trifunctional Polyethylene glycol (PEG) spacers (e.g. NHS-PEG-Maleimide)—a wide range of PEG chains is available and PEG is approved by the FDA. Alternatives to PEG linkers such as immunologically inert and non-toxic synthetic polymers or glycans are also suitable. Accordingly, in the context of the present invention, the spacer (e.g. spacer S) is preferably selected from PEG molecules or glycans. For instance, the spacer such as PEG can be introduced during peptide synthesis. Such spacers (e.g. PEG spacers) may have a molecular weight of e.g. 10000 Dalton. Evidently, within the context of the present invention, the covalent binding of the peptide n-mers to the biopolymer scaffold via a linker each may for example also be achieved by binding of the linker directly to a spacer of the peptide n-mer (instead of, e.g., to a peptide of the peptide n-mer).

Preferably, each of the peptide n-mers is covalently bound to the biopolymer scaffold, preferably via a linker each.

As used herein, the linker may e.g. be selected from disulphide bridges and PEG molecules.

According to a further preferred embodiment of the inventive compound, independently for each occurrence, P is P_(a) or P_(b).

Furthermore, it is preferred when in the first peptide n-mer, each occurrence of P is P_(a) and, in the second peptide n-mer, each occurrence of P is P_(b). Alternatively, or in addition thereto, P_(a) and/or P_(b) is circularized.

Divalent binding is particularly suitable to reduce antibody titres. According, in a preferred embodiment, the first peptide n-mer is P_(a)-S-P_(a) and the second peptide n-mer is P_(a)-S-P_(a);

-   -   the first peptide n-mer is P_(a)-S-P_(a) and the second peptide         n-mer is P_(b)-S-P_(b);     -   the first peptide n-mer is P_(b)-S-P_(b) and the second peptide         n-mer is P_(b)-S-P_(b);     -   the first peptide n-mer is P_(a)-S-P_(b) and the second peptide         n-mer is P_(a)-S-P_(b);     -   the first peptide n-mer is P_(a)-S-P_(b) and the second peptide         n-mer is P_(a)-S-P_(a); or     -   the first peptide n-mer is P_(a)-S-P_(b) and the second peptide         n-mer is P_(b)-S-P_(b).

For increasing effectivity, in particular in autoimmune disease (which is usually based on polyclonal antibodies, see above), in a preferred embodiment the first peptide n-mer is different from the second peptide n-mer. For similar reasons, preferably, the peptide P_(a) is different from the peptide P_(b), preferably wherein the peptide P_(a) and the peptide P_(b) are two different epitopes of the same antigen or two different epitope parts of the same epitope.

Especially for better targeting of polyclonal antibodies, it is advantageous when the peptide P_(a) and the peptide P_(b) comprise the same amino-acid sequence fragment, wherein the amino-acid sequence fragment has a length of at least 2 amino acids, preferably at least 3 amino acids, more preferably at least 4 amino acids, yet more preferably at least 5 amino acids, even more preferably at least 6 amino acids, yet even more preferably at least 7 amino acids, especially at least 8 amino acids or even at least 9 amino acids.

Further, for stronger reduction of the titre of the undesired antibodies relative to the amount of scaffold used, the compound comprises a plurality of said first peptide n-mer (e.g. up to 10 or 20 or 30) and/or a plurality of said second peptide n-mer (e.g. up to 10 or 20 or 30).

For stronger reduction of the titre of the undesired antibodies relative to the amount of scaffold used, the compound may also comprise at least

-   -   a third peptide n-mer of the general formula:

P(-S-P)_((n-1)),

-   -   wherein, independently for each occurrence, P is a peptide with         a sequence length of 2-13 amino acids, preferably 3-11 amino         acids, more preferably 4-9 amino acids, especially 5-8 amino         acids, and S is a non-peptide spacer,         -   preferably wherein each occurrence of P is P_(c), wherein             P_(c) is a peptide with a sequence length of 2-13 amino             acids, preferably 3-11 amino acids, more preferably 4-9             amino acids, especially 5-8 amino acids,         -   more preferably wherein P_(c) is circularized;     -   a fourth peptide n-mer of the general formula:

P(-S-P)_((n-1)),

-   -   wherein, independently for each occurrence, P is a peptide with         a sequence length of 2-13 amino acids, preferably 3-11 amino         acids, more preferably 4-9 amino acids, especially 5-8 amino         acids, and S is a non-peptide spacer,         -   preferably wherein each occurrence of P is P_(d), wherein             P_(d) is a peptide with a sequence length of 2-13 amino             acids, preferably 3-11 amino acids, more preferably 4-9             amino acids, especially 5-8 amino acids,         -   more preferably wherein P_(d) is circularized;     -   a fifth peptide n-mer of the general formula:

P(-S-P)_((n-1)),

-   -   wherein, independently for each occurrence, P is a peptide with         a sequence length of 2-13 amino acids, preferably 3-11 amino         acids, more preferably 4-9 amino acids, especially 5-8 amino         acids, and S is a non-peptide spacer,         -   preferably wherein each occurrence of P is P_(e), wherein             P_(e) is a peptide with a sequence length of 2-13 amino             acids, preferably 3-11 amino acids, more preferably 4-9             amino acids, especially 5-8 amino acids,         -   more preferably wherein P_(e) is circularized;     -   a sixth peptide n-mer of the general formula:

P(-S-P)_((n-1)),

-   -   wherein, independently for each occurrence, P is a peptide with         a sequence length of 2-13 amino acids, preferably 3-11 amino         acids, more preferably 4-9 amino acids, especially 5-8 amino         acids, and S is a non-peptide spacer,         -   preferably wherein each occurrence of P is P_(f), wherein             P_(f) is a peptide with a sequence length of 2-13 amino             acids, preferably 3-11 amino acids, more preferably 4-9             amino acids, especially 5-8 amino acids,         -   more preferably wherein P_(f) is circularized;     -   a seventh peptide n-mer of the general formula:

P(-S-P)_((n-1)),

-   -   wherein, independently for each occurrence, P is a peptide with         a sequence length of 2-13 amino acids, preferably 3-11 amino         acids, more preferably 4-9 amino acids, especially 5-8 amino         acids, and S is a non-peptide spacer,         -   preferably wherein each occurrence of P is P_(g), wherein             P_(g) is a peptide with a sequence length of 2-13 amino             acids, preferably 3-11 amino acids, more preferably 4-9             amino acids, especially 5-8 amino acids,         -   more preferably wherein P_(g) is circularized;     -   a eighth peptide n-mer of the general formula:

P(-S-P)_((n-1)),

-   -   wherein, independently for each occurrence, P is a peptide with         a sequence length of 2-13 amino acids, preferably 3-11 amino         acids, more preferably 4-9 amino acids, especially 5-8 amino         acids, and S is a non-peptide spacer,         -   preferably wherein each occurrence of P is P_(h), wherein             P_(h) is a peptide with a sequence length of 2-13 amino             acids, preferably 3-11 amino acids, more preferably 4-9             amino acids, especially 5-8 amino acids,         -   more preferably wherein P_(h) is circularized;     -   a ninth peptide n-mer of the general formula:

P(-S-P)_((n-1)),

-   -   wherein, independently for each occurrence, P is a peptide with         a sequence length of 2-13 amino acids, preferably 3-11 amino         acids, more preferably 4-9 amino acids, especially 5-8 amino         acids, and S is a non-peptide spacer,         -   preferably wherein each occurrence of P is P_(i), wherein             P_(i) is a peptide with a sequence length of 2-13 amino             acids, preferably 3-11 amino acids, more preferably 4-9             amino acids, especially 5-8 amino acids,         -   more preferably wherein P_(i) is circularized;     -   a tenth peptide n-mer of the general formula:

P(-S-P)_((n-1)),

-   -   wherein, independently for each occurrence, P is a peptide with         a sequence length of 2-13 amino acids, preferably 3-11 amino         acids, more preferably 4-9 amino acids, especially 5-8 amino         acids, and S is a non-peptide spacer,         -   preferably wherein each occurrence of P is P_(j), wherein             P_(j) is a peptide with a sequence length of 2-13 amino             acids, preferably 3-11 amino acids, more preferably 4-9             amino acids, especially 5-8 amino acids,         -   more preferably wherein P_(j) is circularized.

Peptides P_(c)-P_(j) may have one or more of same features (e.g. sequence) as disclosed herein for peptides P_(a) and P_(b).

As also illustrated above, it is highly preferred when the compound of the present invention is non-immunogenic in a mammal, preferably in a human, in a non-human primate, in a sheep, in a pig, in a dog or in a rodent.

In the context of the present invention, a non-immunogenic compound preferably is a compound wherein the biopolymer scaffold (if it is a protein) and/or the peptides (of the peptide n-mers) have an IC50 higher than 100 nM, preferably higher than 500 nM, even more preferably higher than 1000 nM, especially higher than 2000 nM, against HLA-DRB1_0101 as predicted by the NetMHCII-2.3 algorithm. The NetMHCII-2.3 algorithm is described in detail in Jensen et al., which is incorporated herein by reference. The algorithm is publicly available under http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetMHCII-2.3/. Even more preferably, a non-immunogenic compound (or pharmaceutical composition) does not bind to any HLA and/or MHC molecule (e.g. in a mammal, preferably in a human, in a non-human primate, in a sheep, in a pig, in a dog or in a rodent; or of the individual to be treated) in vivo.

According to a further preference, the compound is for intracorporeal sequestration (or intracorporeal depletion) of at least one antibody in an individual, preferably in the bloodstream of the individual and/or for reduction of the titre of at least one antibody in the individual, preferably in the bloodstream of the individual.

In another preferred embodiment, the entire sequence, optionally with the exception of an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine, of at least one occurrence of P, preferably of at least 10% of all occurrences of P, more preferably of at least 25% of all occurrences of P, yet more preferably of at least 50% of all occurrences of P, even more preferably of at least 75% of all occurrences of P, yet even more preferably of at least 90% of all occurrences of P or even of at least 95% of all occurrences of P, especially of all of the occurrences of P, is identical to a sequence fragment of a protein, wherein the protein is identified by one of the UniProt accession codes disclosed herein; optionally wherein the sequence fragment comprises at most five, preferably at most four, more preferably at most three, even more preferably at most two, especially at most one amino acid substitutions (e.g. for the purposes mentioned above, such as creating mimotopes).

In another preferred embodiment, the entire sequence, optionally with the exception of an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine, of peptide P_(a) is identical to a sequence fragment of a protein, wherein the protein is identified by one of the UniProt accession codes disclosed herein; optionally wherein said sequence fragment comprises at most five, preferably at most four, more preferably at most three, even more preferably at most two, especially at most one amino acid substitutions (e.g. for the purposes mentioned above, such as creating mimotopes).

In another preferred embodiment, the entire sequence, optionally with the exception of an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine, of peptide P_(b) is identical to a sequence fragment of a protein, wherein the protein is identified by one of the UniProt accession codes disclosed herein; optionally wherein said sequence fragment comprises at most five, preferably at most four, more preferably at most three, even more preferably at most two, especially at most one amino acid substitutions (e.g. for the purposes mentioned above, such as creating mimotopes).

In another preferred embodiment, the entire sequence, optionally with the exception of an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine, of peptide P_(a) is identical to a sequence fragment of a protein and the entire sequence, optionally with the exception of an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine, of peptide P_(b) is identical to the same or another, preferably another, sequence fragment of the same protein, wherein the protein is identified by one of the UniProt accession codes listed herein; optionally wherein said sequence fragment and/or said another sequence fragment comprises at most five, preferably at most four, more preferably at most three, even more preferably at most two, especially at most one amino acid substitutions (e.g. for the purposes mentioned above, such as creating mimotopes).

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder mediated by autoantibodies that cause a broad spectrum of several clinical symptoms from mild muscle weakness to a life-threatening myasthenic crisis with breathing problems. Around 80% of myasthenic patients develop anti nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies that lead to complement-mediated damaging of the postsynaptic membrane (Howard 2018), direct AChR blocking or receptor endocytosis. These disease-causing autoantibodies are mainly directed to defined immunogenic regions AChR or MuSK (Ruff 2018). They represent a good example for functionally well characterized, disease-causing autoantibodies. Although general immunosuppressive or B-cell targeting strategies exist, a strategy is needed whereby only diseases-causing antibodies (rather than all, mostly protective antibodies) are rapidly inactivated or depleted (especially in a myasthenic crisis), since neither of the generally immunosuppressive treatments with corticoids, IVIG, thymectomy or by plasma exchange are satisfactory. So far, no convenient therapeutic intervention exists that can deplete or neutralize disease causing antibodies in myasthenia gravis rapidly and selectively.

Rey et al. concerns the characterization of human anti-acetylcholine receptor monoclonal autoantibodies from the peripheral blood of a myasthenia gravis patient using combinatorial libraries.

EP 2 698 386 A1 relates to a fusion protein which is asserted to specifically suppress autoantibodies such as autoantibodies involved in myasthenia gravis. The fusion protein contains a binding site for the autoantibody and a fragment of the antibody heavy chain constant region which exhibits antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.

Non-selective B-cell targeting or immunotherapeutic approaches are not yet an established therapeutic option for the treatment of myasthenia gravis. Alternatively, few intra- and extracorporeal selective antibody depletion or B-cell suppression strategies targeting disease-causing antibodies in myasthenia gravis were proposed using indirect or direct targeting approaches against disease causing antibodies (see e.g. Homma 2017 and Lazaridis 2017). In addition, an AChR-specific immunosuppressive therapy using an adjuvanted AChR vaccine was proposed (Luo 2015). However, there remains an urgent need for a comparatively effective and safe and rapidly acting selective antibody depletion therapy.

Accordingly, as mentioned in the summary, the present invention also relates to a compound (for use in the prevention or treatment of myasthenia gravis, especially in a myasthenic crisis), preferably for the sequestration (or depletion) of anti human muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies, anti human muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase antibodies and/or anti human low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 4 antibodies present in a human individual, the compound comprising a biopolymer scaffold and at least two peptides with a sequence length of 7-13 amino acids, wherein each of the peptides independently comprises a 7-13 amino-acid sequence fragment of the AChR subunit alpha sequence identified by UniProt accession code P02708 (optionally wherein the sequence fragment comprises at most five, preferably at most four, more preferably at most three, even more preferably at most two, especially at most one amino acid substitutions (e.g. such that a mimotope is formed)) or of the muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase sequence identified by UniProt accession code O15146 or of the low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 4 sequence identified by UniProt accession code O75096 (optionally wherein the sequence fragment comprises at most five, preferably at most four, more preferably at most three, even more preferably at most two, especially at most one amino acid substitutions (e.g. such that a mimotope is formed)), wherein the peptides are covalently bound to the biopolymer scaffold, preferably via a linker, wherein the biopolymer scaffold is an anti-CD163 antibody (i.e. an antibody specific for a CD163 protein) or CD163-binding fragment thereof.

According to a particular preference, in particular for stronger reduction of the titre of the undesired antibodies relative to the amount of scaffold used, the at least two peptides comprise a peptide P₁ and a peptide P₂, wherein P₁ and P₂ comprise the same 7-13 amino-acid sequence fragment of AChR subunit alpha (optionally wherein the sequence fragment comprises at most five, preferably at most four, more preferably at most three, even more preferably at most two, especially at most one amino acid substitutions (e.g. such that a mimotope is formed)) or of the muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase or of low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 4 (optionally wherein the sequence fragment comprises at most five, preferably at most four, more preferably at most three, even more preferably at most two, especially at most one amino acid substitutions (e.g. such that a mimotope is formed)), wherein P₁ and P₂ are present in form of a peptide dimer P_(i)-S-P₂, wherein S is a non-peptide spacer, wherein the peptide dimer is covalently bound to the biopolymer scaffold, preferably via a linker.

Preferably, said 7-13 amino-acid sequence fragment of AChR subunit alpha is a fragment of the sequence consisting of amino acids 21-255 of the AChR subunit alpha sequence identified by UniProt accession code P02708 (optionally wherein the sequence fragment comprises at most five, preferably at most four, more preferably at most three, even more preferably at most two, especially at most one amino acid substitutions (e.g. such that a mimotope is formed)).

In a further preferred embodiment, said 7-13 amino-acid sequence fragment of AChR subunit alpha is a fragment of the sequence LKWNPDDYGGVKKIHIPSEK (SEQ ID NO: 38), preferably of the sequence WNPDDYGGVK (SEQ ID NO: 39) or VKKIHIPSEK (SEQ ID NO: 40) (optionally wherein the sequence fragment comprises at most five, preferably at most four, more preferably at most three, even more preferably at most two, especially at most one amino acid substitutions (e.g. such that a mimotope is formed)).

In a further preferred embodiment, the peptides have a sequence length of 8-13 amino acids, preferably 9-12 amino acids, more preferably 10-12 amino acids, especially wherein the peptides consist of the sequence VKKIHIPSEKG (SEQ ID NO: 41) optionally with an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine residue, and/or optionally wherein the sequence fragment comprises at most five, preferably at most four, more preferably at most three, even more preferably at most two, especially at most one amino acid substitutions (e.g. such that a mimotope is formed).

According to a further preferred embodiment, the compound further comprises at least one peptide with a sequence length of 7-13 amino acids, wherein the at least one peptide comprises a 7-13 amino-acid sequence fragment of the muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase sequence identified by UniProt accession code O15146 or of the low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 4 sequence identified by UniProt accession code 075096, wherein the at least one peptide is covalently bound to the biopolymer scaffold, preferably via a linker.

Furthermore, also for use in the prevention or treatment of myasthenia gravis (especially in a myasthenic crisis), in a preferred embodiment of inventive compound, at least one occurrence of P is P_(a) and at least one occurrence of P is P_(b),

-   -   wherein P_(a) is a peptide with a sequence length of 5-13,         preferably 7-13, amino acids,     -   wherein P_(b) is a peptide with a sequence length of 5-13,         preferably 7-13, amino acids,     -   wherein the entire sequence, optionally with the exception of an         N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine, of peptide P_(a) is         identical to a sequence fragment of a protein, wherein the         protein is identified by UniProt accession code P02708, O15146         or O75096, optionally wherein said sequence fragment comprises         at most five, preferably at most four, more preferably at most         three, even more preferably at most two, especially at most one         amino acid substitutions,     -   wherein the entire sequence, optionally with the exception of an         N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine, of peptide P_(b) is         identical to a sequence fragment of a protein, wherein the         protein is identified by UniProt accession code P02708, O15146         or O75096, optionally wherein said sequence fragment comprises         at most five, preferably at most four, more preferably at most         three, even more preferably at most two, especially at most one         amino acid substitutions.

In embodiments, in particular for P_(a) and/or P_(b), said sequence fragment of the protein is a fragment of the sequence consisting of amino acids 21-255 of the AChR subunit alpha sequence identified by UniProt accession code P02708 (optionally wherein the sequence fragment comprises at most five, preferably at most four, more preferably at most three, even more preferably at most two, especially at most one amino acid substitutions (e.g. such that a mimotope is formed)). In further embodiments, in particular for P_(a) and/or P_(b), said sequence fragment of the protein is a fragment of the sequence LKWNPDDYGGVKKIHIPSEK (SEQ ID NO: 38), preferably of the sequence WNPDDYGGVK (SEQ ID NO: 39) or VKKIHIPSEK (SEQ ID NO: 40). In particular, peptide P_(a) and/or peptide P_(b) consist of the sequence VKKIHIPSEKG (SEQ ID NO: 41) optionally with an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine residue.

Further, for stronger reduction of the titre of the undesired antibodies related to myasthenia gravis, in a preferred embodiment, the first peptide n-mer is P_(a)-S-P_(b) and the second peptide n-mer is P_(a)-S-P_(b).

Pre-eclampsia is an exemplary disease of pregnancy that involves not only the placenta, but the entire organism. It occurs in 3-5% of all pregnancies predominantly in pregnant teens and women over 40 and it remains a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, typically later in pregnancy. An onset of hypertension in women that had no history of high blood pressure, elevated liver enzymes proteinuria, renal failure, low platelets (HELLP syndrome) and cerebral edema with seizures are hallmark of this condition. No specific cures are known, and the exact causes for preeclampsia appear to be complex. In general, therapeutic options are very limited.

Pathogenesis of preeclampsia involves abnormal placental implantation, placental hypoxia combined with the release of circulating factors, alterations of endothelial cell function and involvement of angiogenic factors and inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) plays an important role in preeclampsia which has been corroborated by the finding that autoantibodies against the angiotensin II type 1-receptor (AT1-AA) contribute to the underlying pathomechanism (Wallukat 1999).

The repertoire of preeclampsia-associated autoantibody specificities was recently extended e.g. to anti-alpha1-adrenoreceptors, prothrombin, anti-cardiolipin and more recently to GRP50 (Elliott 2016). Elliott and colleagues found an antigenic mimicry mechanism: Preeclampsia patients showed antibody titers against a peptide epitope within the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1) that cross reacted with the placental GPR50 membrane protein that is expressed in placental tissue. Antibodies to the EBNA-1 antigen are also associated with several other autoimmune diseases such as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Multiple Sclerosis and myalgic encephalitis/chronic fatigue syndrome.

Accordingly, as mentioned in the summary, the present invention also relates to a compound, preferably for the sequestration (or depletion) of anti-Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1) antibodies, anti human melatonin-related receptor (GPR50) antibodies and/or anti human type-1 angiotensin II receptor (AT1AR) antibodies present in a human individual, the compound comprising a biopolymer scaffold and at least two peptides with a sequence length of 7-13 amino acids,

-   -   wherein each of the peptides independently comprises a 7-13         amino-acid sequence fragment of the EBNA1 sequence identified by         UniProt accession code Q1HVF7 or P03211 or of the GPR50 sequence         identified by UniProt accession code Q13585 or of the type-1         angiotensin II receptor (AT1AR) sequence identified by UniProt         accession code P30556, wherein the peptides are covalently bound         to the biopolymer scaffold,     -   wherein the biopolymer scaffold is an anti-CD163 antibody (i.e.         an antibody specific for a CD163 protein) or CD163-binding         fragment thereof.

The compound can selectively reduce the levels of undesired antibodies that crossreact with a viral antigen (such as EBNA-1) and an endogenous membrane receptor protein (such as GRP50).

According to a particular preference, in particular for stronger reduction of the titre of the undesired antibodies relative to the amount of scaffold used, the at least two peptides comprise a peptide P₁ and a peptide P₂, wherein P₁ and P₂ comprise the same 7-13 amino-acid sequence fragment of said EBNA1 sequence or said GPR50 sequence or said AT1AR sequence, wherein P₁ and P₂ are present in form of a peptide dimer P_(i)-S-P₂, wherein S is a non-peptide spacer, wherein the peptide dimer is covalently bound to the biopolymer scaffold, preferably via a linker.

Preferably, said 7-13 amino-acid sequence fragment is a fragment of the sequence RPQKRPSCIGCKGTH (SEQ ID NO: 42) or RPQKRPSCIGCKGAH (SEQ ID NO: 43), preferably of the sequence KRPSCIGCK (SEQ ID NO: 44).

In a further preferred embodiment, said 7-13 amino-acid sequence fragment is a fragment of any one of the sequences MILNSSTEDGIKRIQDDCPKAGRHNYI (SEQ ID NO: 45), TAMEYRWPFGNYLCK (SEQ ID NO: 46), AIIHRNVFFIENTNITVCAFHYESQNSTLP (SEQ ID NO: 47), DVLIQLGIIRDCR (SEQ ID NO: 48), more preferably of the sequence AFHYESQ (SEQ ID NO: 49).

In a further preferred embodiment, the peptides have a sequence length of 8-13 amino acids, preferably 9-12 amino acids, more preferably 10-12 amino acids, especially wherein at least one of the at least two, preferably each of the peptides consist of the sequence GRPQKRPSCIG (SEQ ID NO: 50) optionally with an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine residue.

According to a further preferred embodiment, the compound further comprises at least one peptide with a sequence length of 7-13 amino acids, wherein the at least one peptide comprises a 7-13 amino-acid sequence fragment of the type-1 angiotensin II receptor (AT1AR) sequence identified by UniProt accession code P30556, preferably of any one of the sequences MILNSSTEDGIKRIQDDCPKAGRHNYI (SEQ ID NO: 45), TAMEYRWPFGNYLCK (SEQ ID NO: 46), AIIHRNVFFIENTNITVCAFHYESQNSTLP (SEQ ID NO: 470), DVLIQLGIIRDCR (SEQ ID NO: 48), more preferably of the sequence AFHYESQ (SEQ ID NO: 49); wherein the at least one peptide is covalently bound to the biopolymer scaffold, preferably via a linker.

Furthermore, also for use in the prevention or treatment of pre-eclampsia, in a preferred embodiment of inventive compound, at least one occurrence of P is P_(a) and at least one occurrence of P is P_(b),

-   -   wherein P_(a) is a peptide with a sequence length of 5-13,         preferably 7-13, amino acids,     -   wherein P_(b) is a peptide with a sequence length of 5-13,         preferably 7-13, amino acids,     -   wherein the entire sequence, optionally with the exception of an         N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine, of peptide P_(a) is         identical to a sequence fragment of a protein, wherein the         protein is identified by UniProt accession code Q1HVF7, P03211,         Q13585 or P30556, optionally wherein said sequence fragment         comprises at most five, preferably at most four, more preferably         at most three, even more preferably at most two, especially at         most one amino acid substitutions,     -   wherein the entire sequence, optionally with the exception of an         N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine, of peptide P_(b) is         identical to a sequence fragment of a protein, wherein the         protein is identified by UniProt accession code Q1HVF7, P03211,         Q13585 or P30556, optionally wherein said sequence fragment         comprises at most five, preferably at most four, more preferably         at most three, even more preferably at most two, especially at         most one amino acid substitutions.

In embodiments, in particular for P_(a) and/or P_(b), said sequence fragment of the protein is a fragment of the sequence RPQKRPSCIGCKGTH (SEQ ID NO: 42) or RPQKRPSCIGCKGAH (SEQ ID NO: 43), preferably of the sequence KRPSCIGCK (SEQ ID NO: 44). In further embodiments, in particular for P_(a) and/or P_(b), said sequence fragment of the protein is a fragment of any one of the sequences MILNSSTEDGIKRIQDDCPKAGRHNYI (SEQ ID NO: 45), TAMEYRWPFGNYLCK (SEQ ID NO: 46), AIIHRNVFFIENTNITVCAFHYESQNSTLP (SEQ ID NO: 47), DVLIQLGIIRDCR (SEQ ID NO: 48), more preferably of the sequence AFHYESQ (SEQ ID NO: 49). In particular, peptide P_(a) and/or peptide P_(b) consist of the sequence GRPQKRPSCIG (SEQ ID NO: 50) optionally with an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine residue.

Further, for stronger reduction of the titre of the undesired antibodies related to pre-eclampsia, in a preferred embodiment, the first peptide n-mer is P_(a)-S-P_(b) and the second peptide n-mer is P_(a)-S-P_(b).

Especially in the context of depleting undesired anti-drug antibodies, in yet another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the entire sequence, optionally with the exception of an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine, of at least one occurrence of P, preferably of at least 10% of all occurrences of P, more preferably of at least 25% of all occurrences of P, yet more preferably of at least 50% of all occurrences of P, even more preferably of at least 75% of all occurrences of P, yet even more preferably of at least 90% of all occurrences of P or even of at least 95% of all occurrences of P, especially of all of the occurrences of P, is identical to a sequence fragment of an amino-acid sequence of Alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor, Alglucerase, Taliglucerase alfa, Pegademase, Agalsidase beta, Alglucosidase alfa, Laronidase, Idursulfase, Elosulfase alfa, Galsulfase, Sebelipase alfa, Cerliponase alfa, Sebelipase alfa, Asfotase Alfa, Elapegademase, Olipudase alpha, Velmanase alpha, N(4)-(beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-L-asparaginase, Rasburicase, Pegloticase, Human Antithrombin III, Plasma protease C1 inhibitor, Turoctocog alfa, Drotrecogin alfa, Emicizumab, Coagulation factor VIIa Recombinant Human, Antihemophilic factor human recombinant, Von Willebrand Factor Human, Susoctocog alfa, Antihemophilic factor human recombinant, Antihemophilic factor, human recombinant, Oprelvekin, Aldesleukin, Rilonacept, Anakinra, Denileukin diftitox, Erythropoietin, Interferon beta-1a, Interferon alfa, interferon alfa-2b, interferon alfacon-1, interferon gamma-1b, interferon alfa-2b recombinant, growth hormone (UniProt P01241), insulin (UniProt P01308), IGF1 (UniProt P05019), PTH (UniProt P01270), Thyrotropin alfa, Choriogonadotropin alfa, Follitropin, Lutropin alfa, Somatotropin, Albiglutide, Metreleptin, Corifollitropin alfa, Filgrastim, FGF2 (UniProt P09038), NGF (UniProt P01138), GDNF (UniProt P39905), BDNF (UniProt P23560), Mecasermin, Palifermin, GCSF (UniProt P09919), IGF2 (UniProt P01344), Becaplermin, Palifermin, Tasonermin, Aflibercept, Rilonacept, Romiplostim, Tagraxofusp, Efmoroctocog alfa, Eftrenonacog alfa, Rilonacept, Belatacept, Atacicept, Albutrepenonacog alfa, Dulaglutide, Etanercept, Asfotase Alfa, Natalizumab, Rituximab, Adalimumab, Ipilimumab, Trastuzumab, Bevacizumab, Evolocumab, Ixekizumab, Omalizumab, Teprotumumab, Idarucizumab, Cetuximab, Oportuzumab monatox, Ibritumomab tiuxetan, Abciximab, Rituximab, Ofatumumab, Erenumab, Emicizumab or Atezolizumab; optionally wherein said sequence fragment comprises at most five, preferably at most four, more preferably at most three, even more preferably at most two, especially at most one amino acid substitutions.

Especially in the same context, in another preferred embodiment, the entire sequence, optionally with the exception of an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine, of peptide P_(a) and/or P_(b) is identical to a sequence fragment of an amino-acid sequence of Alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor, Alglucerase, Taliglucerase alfa, Pegademase, Agalsidase beta, Alglucosidase alfa, Laronidase, Idursulfase, Elosulfase alfa, Galsulfase, Sebelipase alfa, Cerliponase alfa, Sebelipase alfa, Asfotase Alfa, Elapegademase, Olipudase alpha, Velmanase alpha, N(4)-(beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-L-asparaginase, Rasburicase, Pegloticase, Human Antithrombin III, Plasma protease C1 inhibitor, Turoctocog alfa, Drotrecogin alfa, Emicizumab, Coagulation factor VIIa Recombinant Human, Antihemophilic factor human recombinant, Von Willebrand Factor Human, Susoctocog alfa, Antihemophilic factor human recombinant, Antihemophilic factor, human recombinant, Oprelvekin, Aldesleukin, Rilonacept, Anakinra, Denileukin diftitox, Erythropoietin, Interferon beta-1a, Interferon alfa, interferon alfa-2b, interferon alfacon-1, interferon gamma-1b, interferon alfa-2b recombinant, growth hormone (UniProt P01241), insulin (UniProt P01308), IGF1 (UniProt P05019), PTH (UniProt P01270), Thyrotropin alfa, Choriogonadotropin alfa, Follitropin, Lutropin alfa, Somatotropin, Albiglutide, Metreleptin, Corifollitropin alfa, Filgrastim, FGF2 (UniProt P09038), NGF (UniProt P01138), GDNF (UniProt P39905), BDNF (UniProt P23560), Mecasermin, Palifermin, GCSF (UniProt P09919), IGF2 (UniProt P01344), Becaplermin, Palifermin, Tasonermin, Aflibercept, Rilonacept, Romiplostim, Tagraxofusp, Efmoroctocog alfa, Eftrenonacog alfa, Rilonacept, Belatacept, Atacicept, Albutrepenonacog alfa, Dulaglutide, Etanercept, Asfotase Alfa, Natalizumab, Rituximab, Adalimumab, Ipilimumab, Trastuzumab, Bevacizumab, Evolocumab, Ixekizumab, Omalizumab, Teprotumumab, Idarucizumab, Cetuximab, Oportuzumab monatox, Ibritumomab tiuxetan, Abciximab, Rituximab, Ofatumumab, Erenumab, Emicizumab or Atezolizumab; optionally wherein said sequence fragment comprises at most five, preferably at most four, more preferably at most three, even more preferably at most two, especially at most one amino acid substitutions.

Especially in the same context of anti-drug antibodies, in another preferred embodiment, the entire sequence, the entire sequence, optionally with the exception of an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine, of peptide P_(a) is identical to a sequence fragment of an amino-acid sequence and the entire sequence, optionally with the exception of an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine, of peptide P_(b) is identical to the same or another, preferably another, sequence fragment of the same amino-acid sequence, wherein the amino-acid sequence is an amino-acid sequence of Alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor, Alglucerase, Taliglucerase alfa, Pegademase, Agalsidase beta, Alglucosidase alfa, Laronidase, Idursulfase, Elosulfase alfa, Galsulfase, Sebelipase alfa, Cerliponase alfa, Sebelipase alfa, Asfotase Alfa, Elapegademase, Olipudase alpha, Velmanase alpha, N(4)-(beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-L-asparaginase, Rasburicase, Pegloticase, Human Antithrombin III, Plasma protease C1 inhibitor, Turoctocog alfa, Drotrecogin alfa, Emicizumab, Coagulation factor VIIa Recombinant Human, Antihemophilic factor human recombinant, Von Willebrand Factor Human, Susoctocog alfa, Antihemophilic factor human recombinant, Antihemophilic factor, human recombinant, Oprelvekin, Aldesleukin, Rilonacept, Anakinra, Denileukin diftitox, Erythropoietin, Interferon beta-1a, Interferon alfa, interferon alfa-2b, interferon alfacon-1, interferon gamma-1b, interferon alfa-2b recombinant, growth hormone (UniProt P01241), insulin (UniProt P01308), IGF1 (UniProt P05019), PTH (UniProt P01270), Thyrotropin alfa, Choriogonadotropin alfa, Follitropin, Lutropin alfa, Somatotropin, Albiglutide, Metreleptin, Corifollitropin alfa, Filgrastim, FGF2 (UniProt P09038), NGF (UniProt P01138), GDNF (UniProt P39905), BDNF (UniProt P23560), Mecasermin, Palifermin, GCSF (UniProt P09919), IGF2 (UniProt P01344), Becaplermin, Palifermin, Tasonermin, Aflibercept, Rilonacept, Romiplostim, Tagraxofusp, Efmoroctocog alfa, Eftrenonacog alfa, Rilonacept, Belatacept, Atacicept, Albutrepenonacog alfa, Dulaglutide, Etanercept, Asfotase Alfa, Natalizumab, Rituximab, Adalimumab, Ipilimumab, Trastuzumab, Bevacizumab, Evolocumab, Ixekizumab, Omalizumab, Teprotumumab, Idarucizumab, Cetuximab, Oportuzumab monatox, Ibritumomab tiuxetan, Abciximab, Rituximab, Ofatumumab, Erenumab, Emicizumab or Atezolizumab; optionally wherein said sequence fragment and/or said another sequence fragment comprises at most five, preferably at most four, more preferably at most three, even more preferably at most two, especially at most one amino acid substitutions.

In an aspect, the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the inventive and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In embodiments, the composition is prepared for intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular and/or intravenous administration. In particular, the composition is for repeated administration (since it is typically non-immunogenic).

In a preference, the molar ratio of peptide P or P_(a) or P_(b) to biopolymer scaffold in the composition is from 2:1 to 100:1, preferably from 3:1 to 90:1, more preferably from 4:1 to 80:1, even more preferably from 5:1 to 70:1, yet even more preferably from 6:1 to 60:1, especially from 7:1 to 50:1 or even from 8:10 to 40:1.

In another aspect, the compound of the present invention is for use in therapy.

In the course of the present invention, it turned out that the in vivo kinetics of undesirable-antibody lowering by the inventive compound is typically very fast, sometimes followed by a mild rebound of the undesirable antibody. It is thus particularly preferred when the compound (or the pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound) is administered at least twice within a 96-hour window, preferably within a 72-hour window, more preferably within a 48-hour window, even more preferably within a 36-hour window, yet even more preferably within a 24-hour window, especially within a 18-hour window or even within a 12-hour window; in particular wherein this window is followed by administration of the active agent or drug as described below within 24 hours, preferably within 12 hours (but typically after at least 6 hours). For instance, the pharmaceutical composition may be administered at −24 hrs and −12 hrs before administration of the active agent at 0 hrs.

Preferably, the compound is for use in prevention or treatment of an autoimmune disease in an individual having the autoimmune disease or being at risk of developing the autoimmune disease. These autoimmune diseases include neuromyelitis optica, seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, autoimmune-encephalitis, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus dementia, myasthenia gravis, in particular transient neonatal myasthenia gravis, dilatative Cardiomyopathy, pulmonary hypertension, Sjögren's Syndrome, celiac Disease, Graves Disease, Goodpasture Disease, preeclampsia, Behcet's Disease, systemic sclerosis, hypertension, type I diabetes, type II diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, anti N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis, antiphospholipid syndrome, membranous nephropathy, primary biliary cholangitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Chagas disease cardiomyopathy, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita and bullous systemic lupus erythematosus.

The compound of the present invention is also useful for prevention or treatment of transplant rejection in an individual having a transplant or eligible for a transplantation.

In another embodiment, the compound is for use in prevention or treatment of adverse reactions based on anti-drug antibodies or anti-gene-delivery vector antibodies, in particular anti-AAV antibodies, in an individual undergoing therapy with the drug or eligible for therapy with the drug, or in an individual undergoing gene therapy or eligible for gene therapy,

Preferably wherein the drug is a peptide or protein, especially selected from the group of enzymes, enzyme inhibitors, antibodies, antibody fragments, antibody mimetics, antibody-drug conjugates, hormones, growth factors, clotting factors and cytokines, preferably wherein the entire sequence, optionally with the exception of an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine, of at least one occurrence of peptide P, or of peptide P_(a) and/or of peptide P_(b) is identical to a sequence fragment of an amino-acid sequence of the peptide or protein, optionally wherein said sequence fragment comprises at most five, preferably at most four, more preferably at most three, even more preferably at most two, especially at most one amino acid substitutions. The drug may be e.g. any one of the drugs disclosed herein.

In embodiments, one or more antibodies are present in the individual which are specific for at least one occurrence of peptide P, or for peptide P_(a) and/or peptide P_(b), preferably wherein said antibodies are related to said disease.

It is highly preferred that the composition is non-immunogenic in the individual (e.g. it does not comprise an adjuvant or an immunostimulatory substance that stimulates the innate or the adaptive immune system, e.g. such as an adjuvant or a T-cell epitope).

The composition of the present invention may be administered at a dose of 1-1000 mg, preferably 2-500 mg, more preferably 3-250 mg, even more preferably 4-100 mg, especially 5-50 mg, compound per kg body weight of the individual, preferably wherein the composition is administered repeatedly. Such administration may be intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously.

In an aspect, the present invention relates to a method of sequestering (or depleting) one or more antibodies present in an individual, comprising

-   -   obtaining a pharmaceutical composition as defined herein,         wherein the composition is non-immunogenic in the individual and         wherein the one or more antibodies present in the individual are         specific for at least one occurrence of P, or for peptide P_(a)         and/or peptide P_(b); and     -   administering (in particular repeatedly administering, e.g. at         least two times, preferably at least three times, more         preferably at least five times) the pharmaceutical composition         to the individual.

In the context of the present invention, the individual (to be treated) may be a non-human animal, preferably a non-human primate, a sheep, a pig, a dog or a rodent, in particular a mouse.

Preferably, the biopolymer scaffold is autologous with respect to the individual, preferably wherein the biopolymer scaffold is an autologous protein (i.e. a murine antibody is used when the individual is a mouse).

In embodiments, the individual is administered a heterologous protein, preferably a heterologous antibody such as a nanobody, and wherein the one or more antibodies present in the individual are specific for said heterologous protein, preferably wherein said administering of the heterologous protein is prior to, concurrent with and/or subsequent to said administering of the pharmaceutical composition.

The heterologous protein (in particular a human or humanized antibody) may for instance be for therapy (in particular immunotherapy) of a malignancy or a cancer. In embodiments, the individual may have the malignancy or the cancer and may e.g. be treated or eligible to be treated or designated to be treated with the heterologous protein such as the antibody.

In a preference, the individual is a non-human animal and the heterologous protein is human or humanized such as a human or humanized antibody (e.g. for preclinical testing of a human or humanized biological such as a monoclonal antibody).

In a further preference, the individual is administered a drug and wherein the one or more antibodies present in the individual are specific for said drug, preferably wherein said administering of the drug is prior to, concurrent with and/or subsequent to said administering of the pharmaceutical composition.

The drug may be any drug as disclosed herein.

In embodiments, the individual is healthy.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition, comprising the compound of the present invention and further comprising an active agent such as a protein or a peptide and optionally at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein the active agent comprises a peptide fragment with a sequence length of 2-13 amino acids, preferably 3-11 amino acids, more preferably 4-9 amino acids, especially 5-8 amino acids, and wherein the sequence of at least one occurrence of peptide P, or peptide P_(a) and/or peptide P_(b), of the compound is at least 70% identical, preferably at least 75% identical, more preferably at least 80% identical, yet more preferably at least 85% identical, even more preferably at least 90% identical, yet even more preferably at least 95% identical, especially completely identical to the sequence of said peptide fragment.

The active agent may be an enzyme, preferably a human enzyme, an antibody, preferably a human or humanized antibody, a hormone, a growth factor, a clotting factor, a cytokine or a gene delivery vector (such as AAV), in particular as disclosed herein.

This composition is preferably for use in inhibition of an immune reaction, preferably an antibody-mediated immune reaction, against the active agent.

This composition is furthermore preferably non-immunogenic in the individual.

In yet another aspect, the present invention relates to a method of inhibiting an immune reaction to a treatment with an active agent in an individual in need of treatment with the active agent, comprising obtaining a pharmaceutical composition as defined above; wherein the compound of the pharmaceutical composition is non-immunogenic in the individual, and administering (preferably repeatedly administering) the pharmaceutical composition to the individual.

In yet even another aspect, the present invention relates to a method of providing the compound of the invention, comprising the steps of identifying at least one individual having an undesired antibody against an antigen, screening a peptide library to identify a peptide mimotope for which the undesired antibody is specific, and providing the compound, wherein at least one occurrence of P of the compound comprises the entire sequence of the peptide mimotope. In this aspect, the compound can be regarded as mimotope-based compound. Mimotopes are described hereinabove. See also Example 4. In general, screening for peptide mimotopes per se is known in the art, see for instance Shanmugam et al.

Mimotope-based compounds of the invention have the following two advantages over compounds based on wild-type epitopes: First, the undesired antibodies, as a rule, have even higher affinities for mimotopes found by screening a peptide library, leading to higher clearance efficiency of the mimotope-based compound. Second, mimotopes further enable avoiding T-cell epitope activity as much as possible (as described hereinabove) in case the wild-type epitope sequence induces such T-cell epitope activity.

In a preference, at least 10% of all occurrences of P of the compound comprise the entire sequence of the peptide mimotope, more preferably wherein at least 25% of all occurrences of P comprise the entire sequence of the peptide mimotope, yet more preferably wherein at least 50% of all occurrences of P comprise the entire sequence of the peptide mimotope, even more preferably wherein at least 75% of all occurrences of P comprise the entire sequence of the peptide mimotope, yet even more preferably wherein at least 90% of all occurrences of P comprise the entire sequence of the peptide mimotope or even wherein at least 95% of all occurrences of P comprise the entire sequence of the peptide mimotope, especially wherein all of the occurrences of P comprise the entire sequence of the peptide mimotope.

In embodiments, the antigen may be a peptide or protein, wherein the sequence of the peptide or protein does not comprise the entire sequence of the peptide mimotope. In other words, the sequence of the peptide mimotope and the wildtype epitope (as found on the peptide or protein) differs in at least one amino acid.

In an especially preferred embodiment, the peptide library comprises circular peptides, as they typically have an even higher affinity to the undesired antibody (see Example 4). The peptide library may e.g. be a phage display library, a peptide microarray library or a soluble peptide library.

In a further preferred embodiment, the screening of the peptide library is performed with a serum obtained from the at least one individual, wherein the serum comprises the undesired antibody. See for instance Gazarian et al. or Leung et al. on how to perform a serum-based screen for mimotopes.

In embodiments, the compound preferably is non-immunogenic in the at least one individual.

In further embodiments, the at least one individual is a non-human animal, preferably a non-human primate, a sheep, a pig, a dog or a rodent, in particular a mouse. The at least one individual may also be human.

In yet another preferred embodiment, the biopolymer scaffold is autologous with respect to the at least one individual, preferably wherein the biopolymer scaffold is an autologous protein.

In embodiments, the at least one individual has been administered a heterologous protein, preferably a heterologous antibody such as a nanobody, and wherein the antigen is said heterologous protein.

In another embodiment, the at least one individual is a non-human animal and the heterologous protein is human or humanized, such as for instance during the development of human or humanized antibodies.

In a further preference, the individual has been administered a drug and the drug is the antigen. The drug may be an enzyme, preferably a human enzyme, an antibody, preferably a human or humanized antibody, a hormone, a growth factor, a clotting factor, a cytokine or a gene delivery vector such as AAV, e.g. as defined herein. For instance, the drug may be Alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor, Alglucerase, Taliglucerase alfa, Pegademase, Agalsidase beta, Alglucosidase alfa, Laronidase, Idursulfase, Elosulfase alfa, Galsulfase, Sebelipase alfa, Cerliponase alfa, Sebelipase alfa, Asfotase Alfa, Elapegademase, Olipudase alpha, Velmanase alpha, N(4)-(beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-L-asparaginase, Rasburicase, Pegloticase, Human Antithrombin III, Plasma protease C1 inhibitor, Turoctocog alfa, Drotrecogin alfa, Emicizumab, Coagulation factor VIIa Recombinant Human, Antihemophilic factor human recombinant, Von Willebrand Factor Human, Susoctocog alfa, Antihemophilic factor human recombinant, Antihemophilic factor, human recombinant, Oprelvekin, Aldesleukin, Rilonacept, Anakinra, Denileukin diftitox, Erythropoietin, Interferon beta-1a, Interferon alfa, interferon alfa-2b, interferon alfacon-1, interferon gamma-1b, interferon alfa-2b recombinant, growth hormone (UniProt P01241), insulin (UniProt P01308), IGF1 (UniProt P05019), PTH (UniProt P01270), Thyrotropin alfa, Choriogonadotropin alfa, Follitropin, Lutropin alfa, Somatotropin, Albiglutide, Metreleptin, Corifollitropin alfa, Filgrastim, FGF2 (UniProt P09038), NGF (UniProt P01138), GDNF (UniProt P39905), BDNF (UniProt P23560), Mecasermin, Palifermin, GCSF (UniProt P09919), IGF2 (UniProt P01344), Becaplermin, Palifermin, Tasonermin, Aflibercept, Rilonacept, Romiplostim, Tagraxofusp, Efmoroctocog alfa, Eftrenonacog alfa, Rilonacept, Belatacept, Atacicept, Albutrepenonacog alfa, Dulaglutide, Etanercept, Asfotase Alfa, Natalizumab, Rituximab, Adalimumab, Ipilimumab, Trastuzumab, Bevacizumab, Evolocumab, Ixekizumab, Omalizumab, Teprotumumab, Idarucizumab, Cetuximab, Oportuzumab monatox, Ibritumomab tiuxetan, Abciximab, Rituximab, Ofatumumab, Erenumab, Emicizumab or Atezolizumab.

In embodiments, the individual may be healthy.

According to a further preferred embodiment, the undesired antibody may be an autoantibody of the at least one individual.

In the context of the present invention, for improved bioavailability, it is preferred that the inventive compound has a solubility in water at 25° C. of at least 0.1 μg/ml, preferably at least 1 μg/ml, more preferably at least 10 μg/ml, even more preferably at least 100 μg/ml, especially at least 1000 μg/ml.

The term “preventing” or “prevention” as used herein means to stop a disease state or condition from occurring in a patient or subject completely or almost completely or at least to a (preferably significant) extent, especially when the patient or subject or individual is predisposed to such a risk of contracting a disease state or condition.

The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is preferably provided as a (typically aqueous) solution, (typically aqueous) suspension or (typically aqueous) emulsion. Excipients suitable for the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention are known to the person skilled in the art, upon having read the present specification, for example water (especially water for injection), saline, Ringer's solution, dextrose solution, buffers, Hank solution, vesicle forming compounds (e.g. lipids), fixed oils, ethyl oleate, 5% dextrose in saline, substances that enhance isotonicity and chemical stability, buffers and preservatives. Other suitable excipients include any compound that does not itself induce the production of antibodies in the patient (or individual) that are harmful for the patient (or individual). Examples are well tolerable proteins, polysaccharides, polylactic acids, polyglycolic acid, polymeric amino acids and amino acid copolymers. This pharmaceutical composition can (as a drug) be administered via appropriate procedures known to the skilled person (upon having read the present specification) to a patient or individual in need thereof (i.e. a patient or individual having or having the risk of developing the diseases or conditions mentioned herein). The preferred route of administration of said pharmaceutical composition is parenteral administration, in particular through intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular and/or intravenous administration. For parenteral administration, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is preferably provided in injectable dosage unit form, e.g. as a solution (typically as an aqueous solution), suspension or emulsion, formulated in conjunction with the above-defined pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. The dosage and method of administration, however, depends on the individual patient or individual to be treated. Said pharmaceutical composition can be administered in any suitable dosage known from other biological dosage regimens or specifically evaluated and optimised for a given individual. For example, the active agent may be present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount from 1 mg to 10 g, preferably 50 mg to 2 g, in particular 100 mg to 1 g. Usual dosages can also be determined on the basis of kg body weight of the patient, for example preferred dosages are in the range of 0.1 mg to 100 mg/kg body weight, especially 1 to 10 mg/kg body weight (per administration session). The administration may occur e.g. once daily, once every other day, once per week or once every two weeks. As the preferred mode of administration of the inventive pharmaceutical composition is parenteral administration, the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention is preferably liquid or ready to be dissolved in liquid such sterile, de-ionised or distilled water or sterile isotonic phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Preferably, 1000 μg (dry-weight) of such a composition comprises or consists of 0.1-990 μg, preferably 1-900 μg, more preferably 10-200 μg compound, and option-ally 1-500 μg, preferably 1-100 μg, more preferably 5-15 μg (buffer) salts (preferably to yield an isotonic buffer in the final volume), and optionally 0.1-999.9 μg, preferably 100-999.9 μg, more preferably 200-999 μg other excipients. Preferably, 100 mg of such a dry composition is dissolved in sterile, de-ionised/distilled water or sterile isotonic phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) to yield a final volume of 0.1-100 ml, preferably 0.5-20 ml, more preferably 1-10 ml.

It is evident to the skilled person that active agents and drugs described herein can also be administered in salt-form (i.e. as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the active agent). Accordingly, any mention of an active agent herein shall also include any pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms thereof.

Methods for chemical synthesis of peptides used for the compound of the present invention are well-known in the art. Of course, it is also possible to produce the peptides using recombinant methods. The peptides can be produced in microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast or fungi, in eukaryotic cells such as mammalian or insect cells, or in a recombinant virus vector such as adenovirus, poxvirus, herpesvirus, Simliki forest virus, baculovirus, bacteriophage, sindbis virus or sendai virus. Suitable bacteria for producing the peptides include E. coli, B. subtilis or any other bacterium that is capable of expressing such peptides. Suitable yeast cells for expressing the peptides of the present invention include Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Candida, Pichia pastoris or any other yeast capable of expressing peptides. Corresponding means and methods are well known in the art. Also, methods for isolating and purifying recombinantly produced peptides are well known in the art and include e.g. gel filtration, affinity chromatography, ion exchange chromatography etc.

Beneficially, cysteine residues are added to the peptides at the N- and/or C-terminus to facilitate coupling to the biopolymer scaffold, especially.

To facilitate isolation of said peptides, fusion polypeptides may be made wherein the peptides are translationally fused (covalently linked) to a heterologous polypeptide which enables isolation by affinity chromatography. Typical heterologous polypeptides are His-Tag (e.g. His6; 6 histidine residues), GST-Tag (Glutathione-S-transferase) etc. The fusion polypeptide facilitates not only the purification of the peptides but can also prevent the degradation of the peptides during the purification steps. If it is desired to remove the heterologous polypeptide after purification, the fusion polypeptide may comprise a cleavage site at the junction between the peptide and the heterologous polypeptide. The cleavage site may consist of an amino acid sequence that is cleaved with an enzyme specific for the amino acid sequence at the site (e.g. proteases).

The coupling/conjugation chemistry used to link the peptides/peptide n-mers to the biopolymer scaffold (e.g. via heterobifunctional compounds such as GMBS and of course also others as described in “Bioconjugate Techniques”, Greg T. Hermanson) or used to conjugate the spacer to the peptides in the context of the present invention can also be selected from reactions known to the skilled in the art. The biopolymer scaffold itself may be recombinantly produced or obtained from natural sources.

Herein, the term “specific for”—as in “molecule A specific for molecule B”—means that molecule A has a binding preference for molecule B compared to other molecules in an individual's body. Typically, this entails that molecule A (such as an antibody) has a dissociation constant (also called “affinity”) in regard to molecule B (such as the antigen, specifically the binding epitope thereof) that is lower than (i.e. “stronger than”) 1000 nM, preferably lower than 100 nM, more preferably lower than 50 nM, even more preferably lower than 10 nM, especially lower than 5 nM.

Herein, “UniProt” refers to the Universal Protein Resource. UniProt is a comprehensive resource for protein sequence and annotation data. UniProt is a collaboration between the European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), the SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and the Protein Information Resource (PIR). Across the three institutes more than 100 people are involved through different tasks such as database curation, software development and support. Website: http://www.uniprot.org/

Entries in the UniProt databases are identified by their accession codes (referred to herein e.g. as “UniProt accession code” or briefly as “UniProt” followed by the accession code), usually a code of six alphanumeric letters (e.g. “Q1HVF7”). If not specified otherwise, the accession codes used herein refer to entries in the Protein Knowledgebase (UniProtKB) of UniProt. If not stated otherwise, the UniProt database state for all entries referenced herein is of 13 Feb. 2019 (UniProt/UniProtKB Release 2019_02).

In the context of the present application, sequence variants (designated as “natural variant” in UniProt) are expressly included when referring to a UniProt database entry.

“Percent (%) amino acid sequence identity” or “X % identical” (such as “70% identical”) with respect to a reference polypeptide or protein sequence is defined as the percentage of amino acid residues in a candidate sequence that are identical with the amino acid residues in the reference polypeptide sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percent amino acid sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that are within the skill in the art, for instance, using publicly available computer software such as BLAST, BLAST-2, ALIGN, ALIGN-2, Megalign (DNASTAR) or the “needle” pairwise sequence alignment application of the EMBOSS software package. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for aligning sequences, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full length of the sequences being compared. For purposes herein, however, % amino acid sequence identity values are calculated using the sequence alignment of the computer programme “needle” of the EMBOSS software package (publicly available from European Molecular Biology Laboratory; Rice et al., EMBOSS: the European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite, Trends Genet. 2000 June;16(6):276-7, Pubmed-ID: 10827456).

The needle programme can be accessed under the web site http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/psa/emboss_needle/or downloaded for local installation as part of the EMBOSS package from http://emboss.sourceforge.net/. It runs on many widely-used UNIX operating systems, such as Linux.

To align two protein sequences, the needle programme is preferably run with the following parameters:

Commandline: needle -auto -stdout -asequence SEQUENCE_FILE_A -bsequence SEQUENCE_FILE_B -datafile EBLOSUM62-gapopen 10.0 -gapextend 0.5 -endopen 10.0 -endextend 0.5 -aformat3 pair -sprotein1 -sprotein2 (Align format: pair Report_file: stdout)

The % amino acid sequence identity of a given amino acid sequence A to, with, or against a given amino acid sequence B (which can alternatively be phrased as a given amino acid sequence A that has or comprises a certain % amino acid sequence identity to, with, or against a given amino acid sequence B) is calculated as follows:

100 times the fraction X/Y

-   -   where X is the number of amino acid residues scored as identical         matches by the sequence alignment program needle in that         program's alignment of A and B, and where Y is the total number         of amino acid residues in B. It will be appreciated that where         the length of amino acid sequence A is not equal to the length         of amino acid sequence B, the % amino acid sequence identity of         A to B will not equal the % amino acid sequence identity of B         to A. In cases where “the sequence of A is more than N %         identical to the entire sequence of B”, Y is the entire sequence         length of B (i.e. the entire number of amino acid residues in         B). Unless specifically stated otherwise, all % amino acid         sequence identity values used herein are obtained as described         in the immediately preceding paragraph using the needle computer         program.

The present invention further relates to the following embodiments:

Embodiment 1. A compound comprising

-   -   a biopolymer scaffold and at least     -   a first peptide n-mer of the general formula:

P(-S-P)_((n-1)) and

-   -   a second peptide n-mer of the general formula:

P(-S-P)_((n-1));

-   -   wherein, independently for each occurrence, P is a peptide with         a sequence length of 2-13 amino acids, preferably 3-11 amino         acids, more preferably 4-9 amino acids, especially 5-8 amino         acids, and S is a non-peptide spacer,     -   wherein, independently for each of the peptide n-mers, n is an         integer of at least 1, preferably of at least 2, more preferably         of at least 3, especially of at least 4,     -   wherein each of the peptide n-mers is bound to the biopolymer         scaffold, preferably via a linker each, wherein the biopolymer         scaffold is an anti-CD163 antibody (i.e. an antibody specific         for a CD163 protein) or CD163-binding fragment thereof.

Embodiment 2. The compound of embodiment 1, wherein at least one occurrence of P is a circularized peptide, preferably wherein at least 10% of all occurrences of P are circularized peptides, more preferably wherein at least 25% of all occurrences of P are circularized peptides, yet more preferably wherein at least 50% of all occurrences of P are circularized peptides, even more preferably wherein at least 75% of all occurrences of P are circularized peptides, yet even more preferably wherein at least 90% of all occurrences of P are circularized peptides or even wherein at least 95% of all occurrences of P are circularized peptides, especially wherein all of the occurrences of P are circularized peptides.

Embodiment 3. The compound of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein, independently for each of the peptide n-mers, n is at least 2, more preferably at least 3, especially at least 4.

Embodiment 4. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein, independently for each of the peptide n-mers, n is less than 10, preferably less than 9, more preferably less than 8, even more preferably less than 7, yet even more preferably less than 6, especially less than 5.

Embodiment 5. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein, for each of the peptide n-mers, n is 2.

Embodiment 6. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein at least one occurrence of P is P_(a) and/or at least one occurrence of P is P_(b),

-   -   wherein P_(a) is a peptide with a sequence length of 2-13 amino         acids, preferably 3-11 amino acids, more preferably 4-9 amino         acids, especially 5-8 amino acids,     -   wherein P_(b) is a peptide with a sequence length of 2-13 amino         acids, preferably 3-11 amino acids, more preferably 4-9 amino         acids, especially 5-8 amino acids.

Embodiment 7. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein, independently for each occurrence, P is P_(a) or P_(b).

Embodiment 8. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein, in the first peptide n-mer, each occurrence of P is P_(a) and, in the second peptide n-mer, each occurrence of P is P_(b).

Embodiment 9. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 8, wherein

-   -   the first peptide n-mer is P_(a)-S-P_(a) and the second peptide         n-mer is P_(a)-S-P_(a); or     -   the first peptide n-mer is P_(a)-S-P_(a) and the second peptide         n-mer is P_(b)-S-P_(b);     -   the first peptide n-mer is P_(b)-S-P_(b) and the second peptide         n-mer is P_(b)-S-P_(b);     -   the first peptide n-mer is P_(a)-S-P_(b) and the second peptide         n-mer is P_(a)-S-P_(b);     -   the first peptide n-mer is P_(a)-S-P_(b) and the second peptide         n-mer is P_(a)-S-P_(a); or     -   the first peptide n-mer is P_(a)-S-P_(b) and the second peptide         n-mer is P_(b)-S-P_(b).

Embodiment 10. A compound comprising

-   -   a biopolymer scaffold and at least     -   a first peptide n-mer which is a peptide dimer of the formula         P_(a)-S-P_(a) or P_(a)-S-P_(b),     -   wherein P_(a) is a peptide with a sequence length of 2-13 amino         acids, preferably 3-11 amino acids, more preferably 4-9 amino         acids, especially 5-8 amino acids, P_(b) is a peptide with a         sequence length of 2-13 amino acids, preferably 3-11 amino         acids, more preferably 4-9 amino acids, especially 5-8 amino         acids, and S is a non-peptide spacer,     -   wherein the first peptide n-mer is bound to the biopolymer         scaffold, preferably via a linker,     -   wherein the biopolymer scaffold is an anti-CD163 antibody (i.e.         an antibody specific for a CD163 protein) or CD163-binding         fragment thereof.

Embodiment 11. The compound of embodiment 10, further comprising a second peptide n-mer which is a peptide dimer of the formula P_(b)-S-P_(b) or P_(a)-S-P_(b),

-   -   wherein the second peptide n-mer is bound to the biopolymer         scaffold, preferably via a linker.

Embodiment 12. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 9 and 11, wherein the first peptide n-mer is different from the second peptide n-mer.

Embodiment 13. The compound of any one of embodiments 6 to 12, wherein the peptide P_(a) is different from the peptide P_(b), preferably wherein the peptide P_(a) and the peptide P_(b) are two different epitopes of the same antigen or two different epitope parts of the same epitope.

Embodiment 14. The compound of any one of embodiments 6 to 13, wherein the peptide P_(a) and the peptide P_(b) comprise the same amino-acid sequence fragment, wherein the amino-acid sequence fragment has a length of at least 2 amino acids, preferably at least 3 amino acids, more preferably at least 4 amino acids, yet more preferably at least 5 amino acids, even more preferably at least 6 amino acids, yet even more preferably at least 7 amino acids, especially at least 8 amino acids or even at least 9 amino acids.

Embodiment 15. The compound of any one of embodiments 6 to 14, wherein P_(a) and/or P_(b) is circularized.

Embodiment 16. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 15, wherein the compound comprises a plurality of said first peptide n-mer and/or a plurality of said second peptide n-mer.

Embodiment 17. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 16, wherein the anti-CD163 antibody is a mammalian antibody such as a humanized or human antibody, a non-human primate antibody, a sheep antibody, a pig antibody, a dog antibody or a rodent antibody.

Embodiment 18. The compound of embodiment 17, wherein the anti-CD163 antibody is a humanized or human antibody.

Embodiment 19. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 18, wherein the anti-CD163 antibody is a monoclonal antibody.

Embodiment 20. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 19, wherein the anti-CD163 antibody is selected from IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE and IgM.

Embodiment 21. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 20, wherein the CD163-binding fragment is selected from a Fab, a Fab′, a F(ab)2, a Fv, a single-chain antibody, a nanobody and an antigen-binding domain.

Embodiment 22. The compound of any one of embodiment 1 to 21, wherein the anti-CD163 antibody or CD163-binding fragment thereof is specific for human CD163.

Embodiment 23. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 22, wherein the compound is non-immunogenic in a mammal, preferably in a human, in a non-human primate, in a sheep, in a pig, in a dog or in a rodent.

Embodiment 24. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 23, wherein the compound is for intracorporeal sequestration (or intracorporeal depletion) of at least one antibody in an individual, preferably in the bloodstream of the individual and/or for reduction of the titre of at least one antibody in the individual, preferably in the bloodstream of the individual.

Embodiment 25. The compound of any one embodiments 1 to 24, wherein the compound further comprises at least

-   -   a third peptide n-mer of the general formula:

P(-S-P)_((n-1)),

-   -   wherein, independently for each occurrence, P is a peptide with         a sequence length of 2-13 amino acids, preferably 3-11 amino         acids, more preferably 4-9 amino acids, especially 5-8 amino         acids, and S is a non-peptide spacer,         -   preferably wherein each occurrence of P is P_(c), wherein             P_(c) is a peptide with a sequence length of 2-13 amino             acids, preferably 3-11 amino acids, more preferably 4-9             amino acids, especially 5-8 amino acids,         -   more preferably wherein P_(c) is circularized;     -   a fourth peptide n-mer of the general formula:

P(-S-P)_((n-1)),

-   -   wherein, independently for each occurrence, P is a peptide with         a sequence length of 2-13 amino acids, preferably 3-11 amino         acids, more preferably 4-9 amino acids, especially 5-8 amino         acids, and S is a non-peptide spacer,         -   preferably wherein each occurrence of P is P_(d), wherein             P_(d) is a peptide with a sequence length of 2-13 amino             acids, preferably 3-11 amino acids, more preferably 4-9             amino acids, especially 5-8 amino acids,         -   more preferably wherein P_(d) is circularized;     -   a fifth peptide n-mer of the general formula:

P(-S-P)_((n-1)),

-   -   wherein, independently for each occurrence, P is a peptide with         a sequence length of 2-13 amino acids, preferably 3-11 amino         acids, more preferably 4-9 amino acids, especially 5-8 amino         acids, and S is a non-peptide spacer,         -   preferably wherein each occurrence of P is P_(e), wherein             P_(e) is a peptide with a sequence length of 2-13 amino             acids, preferably 3-11 amino acids, more preferably 4-9             amino acids, especially 5-8 amino acids,         -   more preferably wherein P_(e) is circularized;     -   a sixth peptide n-mer of the general formula:

P(-S-P)_((n-1)),

-   -   wherein, independently for each occurrence, P is a peptide with         a sequence length of 2-13 amino acids, preferably 3-11 amino         acids, more preferably 4-9 amino acids, especially 5-8 amino         acids, and S is a non-peptide spacer,         -   preferably wherein each occurrence of P is P_(f), wherein             P_(f) is a peptide with a sequence length of 2-13 amino             acids, preferably 3-11 amino acids, more preferably 4-9             amino acids, especially 5-8 amino acids,         -   more preferably wherein P_(f) is circularized;     -   a seventh peptide n-mer of the general formula:

P(-S-P)_((n-1)),

-   -   wherein, independently for each occurrence, P is a peptide with         a sequence length of 2-13 amino acids, preferably 3-11 amino         acids, more preferably 4-9 amino acids, especially 5-8 amino         acids, and S is a non-peptide spacer,         -   preferably wherein each occurrence of P is P_(g), wherein             P_(g) is a peptide with a sequence length of 2-13 amino             acids, preferably 3-11 amino acids, more preferably 4-9             amino acids, especially 5-8 amino acids,         -   more preferably wherein P_(g) is circularized;     -   a eighth peptide n-mer of the general formula:

P(-S-P)_((n-1)),

-   -   wherein, independently for each occurrence, P is a peptide with         a sequence length of 2-13 amino acids, preferably 3-11 amino         acids, more preferably 4-9 amino acids, especially 5-8 amino         acids, and S is a non-peptide spacer,         -   preferably wherein each occurrence of P is P_(h), wherein             P_(h) is a peptide with a sequence length of 2-13 amino             acids, preferably 3-11 amino acids, more preferably 4-9             amino acids, especially 5-8 amino acids,         -   more preferably wherein P_(h) is circularized;     -   a ninth peptide n-mer of the general formula:

P(-S-P)_((n-1)),

-   -   wherein, independently for each occurrence, P is a peptide with         a sequence length of 2-13 amino acids, preferably 3-11 amino         acids, more preferably 4-9 amino acids, especially 5-8 amino         acids, and S is a non-peptide spacer,         -   preferably wherein each occurrence of P is P_(i), wherein             P_(i) is a peptide with a sequence length of 2-13 amino             acids, preferably 3-11 amino acids, more preferably 4-9             amino acids, especially 5-8 amino acids,         -   more preferably wherein P_(i) is circularized;     -   a tenth peptide n-mer of the general formula:

P(-S-P)_((n-1)),

-   -   wherein, independently for each occurrence, P is a peptide with         a sequence length of 2-13 amino acids, preferably 3-11 amino         acids, more preferably 4-9 amino acids, especially 5-8 amino         acids, and S is a non-peptide spacer,         -   preferably wherein each occurrence of P is P_(j), wherein             P_(j) is a peptide with a sequence length of 2-13 amino             acids, preferably 3-11 amino acids, more preferably 4-9             amino acids, especially 5-8 amino acids,         -   more preferably wherein P_(j) is circularized.

Embodiment 26. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 25, wherein the entire sequence, optionally with the exception of an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine, of at least one occurrence of P, preferably of at least 10% of all occurrences of P, more preferably of at least 25% of all occurrences of P, yet more preferably of at least 50% of all occurrences of P, even more preferably of at least 75% of all occurrences of P, yet even more preferably of at least 90% of all occurrences of P or even of at least 95% of all occurrences of P, especially of all of the occurrences of P, is identical to a sequence fragment of a protein, wherein the protein is identified by one of the following UniProt accession codes:

-   -   P01023, A8K2U0, P49588, Q5JTZ9, O95477, Q8IZY2, P08183, P33527,         O15438, Q96IU4, P00519, P42684, Q9BYF1, P22303, Q99798, P68133,         P60709, P63261, P12814, O43707, P61158, Q13705, P37023, O75077,         Q9UKQ2, Q76LX8, Q6ZMM2, P35611, P07327, P00325, P35348, P25100,         P08588, P07550, P25098, P35626, P30566, P43652, P02771, Q5U5Z8,         Q15109, P35573, Q9UL18, Q9UKV8, O00468, P01019, P30556, Q09666,         P02765, O43918, Q9Y6K8, Q02952, P14550, P15121, O95154, P02768,         P00352, P49189, Q9UM73, P09923, P05187, P03971, P49418, P03950,         Q9BY76, Q15327, P15144, P04083, P50995, P07355, Q3ZCQ2, P12429,         P09525, P08758, P08133, O76027, Q13367, P27695, Q9BZZ5, P02647,         P04114, P02749, P05067, P29972, P55087, Q8N726, P05089, Q9UNA1,         P52566, Q99819, Q15052, P07306, P04424, P08243, Q9BXN1, P15336,         P13637, P05026, P98194, P20648, P51164, P06576, P48047, P54252,         Q8WXX7, P01185, P25311, Q9H6S1, P61769, Q13072, O75531, Q99728,         P10415, P41182, P11274, O14503, Q93088, O00499, O15392, P35226,         P12643, P18075, Q8N8U9, Q13873, P17213, Q9NP55, Q96DR5, Q8TDL5,         P15056, Q7Z569, P38398, P51587, Q58F21, Q8IWQ3, Q8NE79, Q9Y224,         Q13901, P02745, P01024, P00915, P00918, P07451, O00555, Q00975,         Q9NY47, Q9Y698, Q8TC20, Q05682, P27482, P27797, P27824, P04632,         P52907, P42574, Q14790, P31415, P41180, P20810, O15446, P04040,         Q9NTU7, Q5M9NO, Q3V6T2, P10147, P13501, P20248, P14635, P24385,         Q8ND76, P51681, P49368, P48643, P50990, Q9NZQ7, P28906, P16671,         P04234, P15529, P08174, P13987, P01732, P21926, P30305, P12830,         P55291, P22223, P55283, P06493, P42771, P51861, Q01850, Q9H211,         P13688, P06731, Q9UNI1, P49450, P07199, Q03188, Q02224, P49454,         Q9H3R5, Q92674, Q6IPU0, Q7L2Z9, A8MT69, Q5JTW2, P00751, P08603,         Q03591, P36980, Q02985, Q9P2M7, O95992, Q14839, P10645, P36222,         Q15782, Q9UKJ5, Q9Y259, P11229, P08172, P20309, P08173, P08912,         P02708, Q9UGM1, P11230, Q8NCH0, Q99828, O75339, Q14011, Q07065,         P12277, Q96MX0, P06732, A8K7I4, O95832, O75508, P30622, Q96KN2,         Q12860, Q02246, Q8IWV2, O94779, Q9UQ52, P78357, Q9UHC6, Q7Z7A1,         P38432, Q5TAT6, Q9UMD9, P02452, Q01955, P29400, Q14031, P12111,         Q02388, Q9Y215, P49747, Q14019, P00450, P16870, Q8TCG5, P17927,         Q9NS37, Q9UJA2, P02741, P02511, P53674, O95825, O75390, Q9Y600,         P04141, P09919, P0DML2, Q14406, Q6UVK1, Q01459, Q9GZU7, P16410,         P35222, P53634, P07339, P08311, Q14247, O60494, Q14999, Q86UP6,         P61073, P05108, P05093, P04798, P05177, P08686, P11509, P20813,         P33261, P11712, P10635, P05181, P08684, Q8N907, P09172, P43146,         P07585, P20711, Q16832, Q9NR30, O00571, Q86XP3, Q9NY93, O75398,         P35659, P17661, Q96SL1, O94907, P10515, P09622, P36957, P24855,         Q8NFT8, O00429, Q8N608, P27487, P42658, Q14195, Q9BPU6, P21728,         P14416, Q08554, Q02487, Q14574, Q02413, Q14126, P32926, Q86SJ6,         P15924, Q03001, Q9NRD8, Q05923, O75923, O95905, Q9NTX5, Q16610,         O43854, P25101, Q15075, P68104, O00418, O95967, P01133, P00533,         P20042, P38919, Q04637, P08246, Q12926, Q14576, P26378, P15502,         P19622, P06733, P09104, P22413, O43768, P11171, P16422, P07099,         P34913, P01588, P11678, P58107, P04626, Q96RT1, Q8IUD2, Q14264,         P10768, P03372, Q9Y603, Q92817, Q9Y3B2, Q01780, Q13868, Q9NQT5,         Q9NPD3, Q9NQT4, Q5RKV6, Q15024, Q96B26, Q06265, P15311, P00488,         P08709, P00451, P00740, P15090, Q14320, P48023, P49327, Q8TES7,         P22087, P35555, Q75N90, P09467, P12319, O75015, O75636, Q7L513,         P02675, P11362, P62942, Q9UIM3, P20930, Q14315, O75955, Q14254,         O43155, P35916, P02751, Q04609, P01225, Q12841, O95954, P02794,         P02792, P09958, P35637, P51114, Q9UM11, P35575, O95166, P60520,         Q9UBS5, O75899, Q99259, Q05329, Q13065, P22466, Q14376, P04406,         P41250, P01350, P15976, P50440, P02774, P01275, Q8N6F7, P23434,         P55107, P50395, P56159, Q9UJY5, P01241, P01286, Q9UBU3, P09681,         O14908, P29033, Q9NS71, Q6ZMI3, P23415, P15104, Q6IB77, P49915,         Q13823, P01148, P30968, Q92805, Q08379, Q08378, Q13439, A6NI86,         A8MQT2, Q14789, P07359, P55259, P40197, Q9HCN6, P14770, Q9NQX3,         P06744, Q13098, P24298, P18283, P42261, P42262, P42263, P48058,         O43424, P39086, Q13002, Q16478, Q05586, Q12879, Q13224, Q4V328,         Q13255, P41594, P28799, P07492, P08263, P21266, P78417, P09211,         Q00403, P35269, P25092, P08236, P02724, P07305, P16104, O75367,         P84243, P12081, Q96D42, P68871, Q13547, Q92769, 015379, P56524,         Q9UQL6, P19113, Q9UBI9, P51858, Q00341, Q9NRV9, 000291, 075146,         P54198, P16402, P58876, P62805, P19367, P09429, P26583, P04035,         Q01581, P54868, P05114, P05204, Q14541, P09651, P22626, Q99729,         Q14103, P52597, P31943, P31942, P61978, P14866, Q8WVV9, Q9NSC5,         Q99714, Q7Z5P4, P14060, P08238, P14625, PODMV8, PODMV9, P34932,         P11021, P11142, P04792, Q12988, P10809, Q92598, P08908, Q13639,         Q9Y4L1, P10997, Q05084, Q9UMF0, 075874, Q5TF58, Q16666, Q9BYX4,         P01563, P01574, P01579, Q9NWB7, P05019, P08069, P01344, Q9NZI8,         Q9Y6M1, O00425, P11717, P18065, P17936, P01876, P01877, P01854,         P01857, P01859, P01860, P01861, A6NGN9, Q8N6C5, P22301, Q13651,         Q08334, Q14005, Q16552, Q96PD4, Q14116, P01583, P01584, P14778,         P60568, Q9GZX6, P08700, P05112, P05231, P40189, Q96LU5, Q9NV31,         P29218, O14732, P12268, Q9NQS7, P01308, Q96T92, P06213, P46940,         Q14653, Q13568, P35568, P17301, P08514, P23229, P20701, P11215,         P05107, P05106, P16144, Q14643, Q9Y6Y0, 060674, P17275, Q15046,         P16389, P22459, Q9UK17, Q9NZI2, Q9NS61, P78508, P48050, P51787,         O43525, Q8N5I3, Q6PI47, P35968, Q9Y4F3, Q96Q89, P43626, P43628,         Q5JT82, Q53G59, Q8IXQ5, Q9UKR3, P03952, P26715, P26717, Q13241,         P13645, P02533, P19012, P08779, Q04695, P05783, P08727, P12035,         Q8N1N4, P05787, Q9NSB2, O15230, P11047, P13473, Q14739, P31025,         P13796, P07195, P01130, Q9Y2U8, P09382, P05162, P17931, Q08380,         Q3ZCW2, O95970, Q5TDP6, P22888, P49917, P07098, P02545, P20700,         Q03252, P61968, P29536, P08519, Q07954, P98164, O75096, Q8TF66,         Q32MZ4, Q8ND56, Q9Y4Z0, P02788, Q17RY6, P20645, Q8NHW3, P20916,         P43358, O15479, O60732, Q9HOU3, P46821, P11137, Q16584, O43318,         P45984, Q16644, P21941, O00339, P56270, P02144, Q9UIS9, P11226,         P02686, Q01726, P32245, Q8IVS2, Q99705, Q969V1, Q8TDD5, Q8NE86,         P40925, Q00987, O00255, P50579, P46013, Q16655, P03956, P45452,         P08253, P09237, P14780, Q13201, Q13875, Q16653, Q13724, Q14149,         Q9UBU8, O00566, Q99547, P40238, P05164, Q00013, Q9NZW5, P25189,         P22897, Q9Y605, P82909, P43246, P52701, Q13421, P26038, Q9UJ68,         P26927, Q13043, Q04912, Q9NZJ7, Q86UE4, P15941, Q8WXI7, O15146,         Q9UIF7, P10242, P01106, Q99417, P12524, Q8N699, P12882, P35580,         P35749, Q9UKX3, Q7Z406, Q9Y2K3, Q9UKX2, P11055, Q9Y623, P13533,         P12883, A7E2Y1, P13535, P35579, BOI1T2, P54296, Q14CX7, E9PAV3,         Q13765, Q8WY41, Q96I59, Q9UBB6, Q9UHB4, Q00604, P28331, P20929,         P07196, P07197, Q8NG66, Q8TD19, O60524, O94856, P01138, Q8N4C6,         P30414, P59047, Q8N427, Q13253, Q15155, P29475, P51513, Q9UNW9,         P55786, O60500, P06748, P01160, P17342, P01303, Q9Y5X4, Q8IXM6,         Q9ULB1, Q9HDB5, Q9Y4C0, Q9NXX6, P04629, Q16620, Q16288, Q02818,         P80303, Q14980, P49790, Q8TEM1, O15504, Q14990, Q5BJF6, Q9ULJ1,         Q6UX06, P78380, P41143, P35372, Q9POS3, Q92791, Q9UQ80, Q13310,         Q9UM07, Q7Z2X7, Q5JRK9, Q96GU1, Q13177, Q99497, P09874, P40424,         Q15154, P12004, P29120, Q8WUM4, O95263, O76083, P16234, P09619,         O00330, P30101, Q8N165, O00151, Q5T2W1, P16284, P02776, P10720,         P35080, P18669, P00558, O95394, P35232, Q99623, Q9BVI0, Q92576,         O43175, P11309, O75364, Q9Y446, P04054, Q13018, P16885, Q15149,         Q9H7P9, P40967, P29590, Q01453, Q9NR77, P54277, P16233, P54317,         Q8ND90, Q9UL42, P00491, Q9H9Y6, O14802, Q99575, P16435, Q15063,         Q01851, Q12837, Q15181, P62937, O60437, P35813, P01298, Q9HAZ2,         P32119, Q13162, P30041, P13727, Q92954, P17612, P17252, P01236,         P04553, P04554, O60678, P04070, Q9UNN8, P54821, Q99811, P07477,         P24158, Q9BXM0, O43653, O75475, P20618, P40306, P49721, P28074,         P28062, P28065, P61289, Q6PGN9, P26599, Q8WV60, P01270, P06454,         Q06124, Q9Y2R2, P08575, Q12913, Q16849, Q92932, Q86Y79, Q9UHX1,         P20472, Q9BRP8, P51153, Q9UI14, Q15276, P63244, Q92878, Q06609,         P04049, Q15311, Q9UKM9, Q14498, P38159, P10745, Q06330, P53805,         O95199, Q9P258, P35243, P46063, P05451, Q8IX06, P57771, P08100,         P12271, O60930, O00584, Q9ULK6, Q99942, Q9UBF6, P13489, O75116,         Q01973, P15927, Q9Y2J0, Q9UNE2, Q02878, P05388, P05386, P05387,         Q9BUL9, P78346, P78345, P62277, P60866, O75676, O43159, Q15404,         O00442, Q92541, Q9NQC3, Q9Y265, Q9Y230, P48443, P21817, Q92736,         P31151, P04271, PODJI8, PODJI9, P10523, P49591, 043290, Q99590,         Q8WTV0, Q14108, P13521, P05408, Q14524, Q9BWW7, P34741, Q86SQ7,         Q9UDX4, Q13228, P16109, P04279, Q9HC62, P49908, Q9HD40, P01009,         P05543, P30740, P29508, P48594, P35237, P05121, P07093, P05155,         Q9BYW2, Q7Z333, Q8N474, Q9BWM7, Q99961, O15266, O60902, Q9NYZ4,         Q9Y336, Q9HOK1, Q14190, Q13239, Q14493, Q9HOC2, P12235, P05141,         Q9H2B4, O43511, P11168, Q8IWU4, O00400, P08195, Q8IWA5, P48751,         Q9Y6R1, Q9BRV3, Q92911, P37840, O76070, P08621, P09012, P14678,         P09234, P62314, P62316, P62318, P62304, P62306, P62308, P63162,         O14512, P00441, P04179, Q9BQB4, O00570, P56693, P35716, O15370,         O60248, Q9UN79, O95416, Q9H6I2, P35713, P48431, Q9Y651, P41225,         O94993, Q06945, P35711, P35712, Q9BT81, P57073, P48436, P08047,         P23497, Q13342, Q9H930, Q15506, Q8NOX2, P00995, P16150, O43791,         P10451, Q8TCT8, Q8TCT7, Q8TCT6, Q13813, Q13501, P10124, P61011,         O76094, Q05066, P05455, O43805, P61278, Q13586, Q9P246, P31948,         P49842, P16949, Q7Z7C7, Q13033, O75558, P61266, Q13190, Q8IWZ8,         Q9Y2Z0, Q8IWU6, P63165, P61956, P17600, P08247, P21579, P37837,         Q15633, Q13148, P26639, Q9NYW0, P20226, O60806, P24557, P17987,         O60522, O14746, P02787, P05549, Q92734, P10646, P02786, P01266,         P01137, P21980, Q08188, P49221, P07204, P40225, P10827, P10828,         Q9UPZ6, P31483, P29401, Q9Y490, O60602, Q8TDI7, P17152, P42167,         P42166, P01375, O00300, P43489, P19237, P48788, P19429, P13805,         P45379, P45378, P09430, Q8NDV7, P11387, Q969P6, P11388, Q13472,         O95985, P04637, Q9H3D4, O15350, P60174, P09493, P07202, P12270,         P56180, O43280, Q92519, Q96RU7, P19474, O15164, Q9UPN9, Q6AZZ1,         P10155, P48995, Q13507, Q7Z4N2, Q7Z2W7, Q9HBAO, Q9BZW7, P01222,         P16473, Q9H2G4, Q14166, Q8WZ42, P02766, P07437, O00294, Q15672,         Q9P2K2, Q86VQ3, Q6A555, P14679, Q9BZF9, Q13404, Q14139, O95155,         P11441, Q9UMX0, P17480, P09936, P15374, Q9Y3C8, P19224, P16662,         P07911, Q8TCY9, Q9Y6N9, Q13107, P63027, Q15836, P18206, P55072,         P21796, P08670, P04275, O75083, Q14191, P98170, Q13426, P13010,         P12956, P67809, Q9Y2T7, O43829, Q13105, Q15915, O95409, Q8N9L1,         Q9UDV7, Q9Y3S2, Q9UL40, Q14966, Q9HOM5, Q9Y5V0, Q96C28, Q9H5H4,         A9RAI0, B5SUY7, O41855, O56137, O56139, P03135, P04133, P04882,         P08362, P10269, P12538, P69353, Q5Y9B2, Q5Y9B4, Q65311, Q6JC40,         Q6VGT5, Q8JQF8, Q8JQG0, Q98654, Q9WBP8, Q9YIJ1, Q1HVF7, P03211,         Q13585, P04233, O15523, O14602, Q30201, P01891, P01892, P04439,         P05534, P10314, P10316, P13746, P16188, P16189, P16190, P18462,         P30443, P30447, P30450, P30453, P30455, P30456, P30457, P30459,         P30512, Q09160, P01889, P03989, P10319, P18463, P18464, P18465,         P30460, P30461, P30462, P30464, P30466, P30475, P30479, P30480,         P30481, P30483, P30484, P30485, P30486, P30487, P30488, P30490,         P30491, P30492, P30493, P30495, P30498, P30685, Q04826, Q29718,         Q29836, Q29940, Q31610, Q31612, Q95365, P04222, P10321, P30499,         P30501, P30504, P30505, P30508, P30510, Q07000, Q29865, Q29960,         Q29963, Q95604, Q9TNN7, P28067, P28068, P06340, P13765, P20036,         P04440, P01909, P01906, P01920, P05538, P01903, P01911, P01912,         P04229, P13760, P13761, P20039, Q29974, Q30134, Q30167, Q5Y7A7,         Q95IE3, Q9GIY3, Q9TQE0, P79483, P13762, Q30154, P13747, P30511,         P17693, Q9BY66, Q29983, Q29980, P22090, Q03519, O14607, P08048;         in particular wherein the sequence fragment comprises or         consists of the AAV-8 capsid protein sequence LQQQNT (SEQ ID NO:         35), TTTGQNNNS (SEQ ID NO: 36) or GTANTQ (SEQ ID NO: 37);         optionally wherein the sequence fragment comprises at most five,         preferably at most four, more preferably at most three, even         more preferably at most two, especially at most one amino acid         substitutions.

Embodiment 27. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 26, wherein the entire sequence, optionally with the exception of an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine, of peptide P_(a) is identical to a sequence fragment of a protein, wherein the protein is identified by one of the UniProt accession codes listed in embodiment 26;

-   -   optionally wherein said sequence fragment comprises at most         five, preferably at most four, more preferably at most three,         even more preferably at most two, especially at most one amino         acid substitutions.

Embodiment 28. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 27, wherein the entire sequence, optionally with the exception of an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine, of peptide P_(b) is identical to a sequence fragment of a protein, wherein the protein is identified by one of the UniProt accession codes listed in embodiment 26;

-   -   optionally wherein said sequence fragment comprises at most         five, preferably at most four, more preferably at most three,         even more preferably at most two, especially at most one amino         acid substitutions.

Embodiment 29. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 28, wherein the entire sequence, optionally with the exception of an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine, of peptide P_(a) is identical to a sequence fragment of a protein and the entire sequence, optionally with the exception of an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine, of peptide P_(b) is identical to the same or another, preferably another, sequence fragment of the same protein, wherein the protein is identified by one of the UniProt accession codes listed in embodiment 26;

-   -   optionally wherein said sequence fragment and/or said another         sequence fragment comprises at most five, preferably at most         four, more preferably at most three, even more preferably at         most two, especially at most one amino acid substitutions.

Embodiment 30. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 29, wherein the entire sequence, optionally with the exception of an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine, of at least one occurrence of P, preferably of at least 10% of all occurrences of P, more preferably of at least 25% of all occurrences of P, yet more preferably of at least 50% of all occurrences of P, even more preferably of at least 75% of all occurrences of P, yet even more preferably of at least 90% of all occurrences of P or even of at least 95% of all occurrences of P, especially of all of the occurrences of P, is identical to a sequence fragment of an amino-acid sequence of Alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor, Alglucerase, Taliglucerase alfa, Pegademase, Agalsidase beta, Alglucosidase alfa, Laronidase, Idursulfase, Elosulfase alfa, Galsulfase, Sebelipase alfa, Cerliponase alfa, Sebelipase alfa, Asfotase Alfa, Elapegademase, Olipudase alpha, Velmanase alpha, N(4)-(beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-L-asparaginase, Rasburicase, Pegloticase, Human Antithrombin III, Plasma protease C1 inhibitor, Turoctocog alfa, Drotrecogin alfa, Emicizumab, Coagulation factor VIIa Recombinant Human, Antihemophilic factor human recombinant, Von Willebrand Factor Human, Susoctocog alfa, Antihemophilic factor human recombinant, Antihemophilic factor, human recombinant, Oprelvekin, Aldesleukin, Rilonacept, Anakinra, Denileukin diftitox, Erythropoietin, Interferon beta-1a, Interferon alfa, interferon alfa-2b, interferon alfacon-1, interferon gamma-1b, interferon alfa-2b recombinant, growth hormone (UniProt P01241), insulin (UniProt P01308), IGF1 (UniProt P05019), PTH (UniProt P01270), Thyrotropin alfa, Choriogonadotropin alfa, Follitropin, Lutropin alfa, Somatotropin, Albiglutide, Metreleptin, Corifollitropin alfa, Filgrastim, FGF2 (UniProt P09038), NGF (UniProt P01138), GDNF (UniProt P39905), BDNF (UniProt P23560), Mecasermin, Palifermin, GCSF (UniProt P09919), IGF2 (UniProt P01344), Becaplermin, Palifermin, Tasonermin, Aflibercept, Rilonacept, Romiplostim, Tagraxofusp, Efmoroctocog alfa, Eftrenonacog alfa, Rilonacept, Belatacept, Atacicept, Albutrepenonacog alfa, Dulaglutide, Etanercept, Asfotase Alfa, Natalizumab, Rituximab, Adalimumab, Ipilimumab, Trastuzumab, Bevacizumab, Evolocumab, Ixekizumab, Omalizumab, Teprotumumab, Idarucizumab, Cetuximab, Oportuzumab monatox, Ibritumomab tiuxetan, Abciximab, Rituximab, Ofatumumab, Erenumab, Emicizumab or Atezolizumab;

-   -   optionally wherein said sequence fragment comprises at most         five, preferably at most four, more preferably at most three,         even more preferably at most two, especially at most one amino         acid substitutions.

Embodiment 31. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 30, wherein the entire sequence, optionally with the exception of an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine, of peptide P_(a) is identical to a sequence fragment of an amino-acid sequence of Alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor, Alglucerase, Taliglucerase alfa, Pegademase, Agalsidase beta, Alglucosidase alfa, Laronidase, Idursulfase, Elosulfase alfa, Galsulfase, Sebelipase alfa, Cerliponase alfa, Sebelipase alfa, Asfotase Alfa, Elapegademase, Olipudase alpha, Velmanase alpha, N(4)-(beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-L-asparaginase, Rasburicase, Pegloticase, Human Antithrombin III, Plasma protease C1 inhibitor, Turoctocog alfa, Drotrecogin alfa, Emicizumab, Coagulation factor VIIa Recombinant Human, Antihemophilic factor human recombinant, Von Willebrand Factor Human, Susoctocog alfa, Antihemophilic factor human recombinant, Antihemophilic factor, human recombinant, Oprelvekin, Aldesleukin, Rilonacept, Anakinra, Denileukin diftitox, Erythropoietin, Interferon beta-1a, Interferon alfa, interferon alfa-2b, interferon alfacon-1, interferon gamma-1b, interferon alfa-2b recombinant, growth hormone (UniProt P01241), insulin (UniProt P01308), IGF1 (UniProt P05019), PTH (UniProt P01270), Thyrotropin alfa, Choriogonadotropin alfa, Follitropin, Lutropin alfa, Somatotropin, Albiglutide, Metreleptin, Corifollitropin alfa, Filgrastim, FGF2 (UniProt P09038), NGF (UniProt P01138), GDNF (UniProt P39905), BDNF (UniProt P23560), Mecasermin, Palifermin, GCSF (UniProt P09919), IGF2 (UniProt P01344), Becaplermin, Palifermin, Tasonermin, Aflibercept, Rilonacept, Romiplostim, Tagraxofusp, Efmoroctocog alfa, Eftrenonacog alfa, Rilonacept, Belatacept, Atacicept, Albutrepenonacog alfa, Dulaglutide, Etanercept, Asfotase Alfa, Natalizumab, Rituximab, Adalimumab, Ipilimumab, Trastuzumab, Bevacizumab, Evolocumab, Ixekizumab, Omalizumab, Teprotumumab, Idarucizumab, Cetuximab, Oportuzumab monatox, Ibritumomab tiuxetan, Abciximab, Rituximab, Ofatumumab, Erenumab, Emicizumab or Atezolizumab;

-   -   optionally wherein said sequence fragment comprises at most         five, preferably at most four, more preferably at most three,         even more preferably at most two, especially at most one amino         acid substitutions.

Embodiment 32. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 31, wherein the entire sequence, optionally with the exception of an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine, of peptide P_(b) is identical to a sequence fragment of an amino-acid sequence of Alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor, Alglucerase, Taliglucerase alfa, Pegademase, Agalsidase beta, Alglucosidase alfa, Laronidase, Idursulfase, Elosulfase alfa, Galsulfase, Sebelipase alfa, Cerliponase alfa, Sebelipase alfa, Asfotase Alfa, Elapegademase, Olipudase alpha, Velmanase alpha, N(4)-(beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-L-asparaginase, Rasburicase, Pegloticase, Human Antithrombin III, Plasma protease C1 inhibitor, Turoctocog alfa, Drotrecogin alfa, Emicizumab, Coagulation factor VIIa Recombinant Human, Antihemophilic factor human recombinant, Von Willebrand Factor Human, Susoctocog alfa, Antihemophilic factor human recombinant, Antihemophilic factor, human recombinant, Oprelvekin, Aldesleukin, Rilonacept, Anakinra, Denileukin diftitox, Erythropoietin, Interferon beta-1a, Interferon alfa, interferon alfa-2b, interferon alfacon-1, interferon gamma-1b, interferon alfa-2b recombinant, growth hormone (UniProt P01241), insulin (UniProt P01308), IGF1 (UniProt P05019), PTH (UniProt P01270), Thyrotropin alfa, Choriogonadotropin alfa, Follitropin, Lutropin alfa, Somatotropin, Albiglutide, Metreleptin, Corifollitropin alfa, Filgrastim, FGF2 (UniProt P09038), NGF (UniProt P01138), GDNF (UniProt P39905), BDNF (UniProt P23560), Mecasermin, Palifermin, GCSF (UniProt P09919), IGF2 (UniProt P01344), Becaplermin, Palifermin, Tasonermin, Aflibercept, Rilonacept, Romiplostim, Tagraxofusp, Efmoroctocog alfa, Eftrenonacog alfa, Rilonacept, Belatacept, Atacicept, Albutrepenonacog alfa, Dulaglutide, Etanercept, Asfotase Alfa, Natalizumab, Rituximab, Adalimumab, Ipilimumab, Trastuzumab, Bevacizumab, Evolocumab, Ixekizumab, Omalizumab, Teprotumumab, Idarucizumab, Cetuximab, Oportuzumab monatox, Ibritumomab tiuxetan, Abciximab, Rituximab, Ofatumumab, Erenumab, Emicizumab or Atezolizumab;

-   -   optionally wherein said sequence fragment comprises at most         five, preferably at most four, more preferably at most three,         even more preferably at most two, especially at most one amino         acid substitutions.

Embodiment 33. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 32, wherein the entire sequence, optionally with the exception of an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine, of peptide P_(a) is identical to a sequence fragment of an amino-acid sequence and the entire sequence, optionally with the exception of an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine, of peptide P_(b) is identical to the same or another, preferably another, sequence fragment of the same amino-acid sequence, wherein the amino-acid sequence is an amino-acid sequence of Alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor, Alglucerase, Taliglucerase alfa, Pegademase, Agalsidase beta, Alglucosidase alfa, Laronidase, Idursulfase, Elosulfase alfa, Galsulfase, Sebelipase alfa, Cerliponase alfa, Sebelipase alfa, Asfotase Alfa, Elapegademase, Olipudase alpha, Velmanase alpha, N(4)-(beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-L-asparaginase, Rasburicase, Pegloticase, Human Antithrombin III, Plasma protease C1 inhibitor, Turoctocog alfa, Drotrecogin alfa, Emicizumab, Coagulation factor VIIa Recombinant Human, Antihemophilic factor human recombinant, Von Willebrand Factor Human, Susoctocog alfa, Antihemophilic factor human recombinant, Antihemophilic factor, human recombinant, Oprelvekin, Aldesleukin, Rilonacept, Anakinra, Denileukin diftitox, Erythropoietin, Interferon beta-1a, Interferon alfa, interferon alfa-2b, interferon alfacon-1, interferon gamma-1b, interferon alfa-2b recombinant, growth hormone (UniProt P01241), insulin (UniProt P01308), IGF1 (UniProt P05019), PTH (UniProt P01270), Thyrotropin alfa, Choriogonadotropin alfa, Follitropin, Lutropin alfa, Somatotropin, Albiglutide, Metreleptin, Corifollitropin alfa, Filgrastim, FGF2 (UniProt P09038), NGF (UniProt P01138), GDNF (UniProt P39905), BDNF (UniProt P23560), Mecasermin, Palifermin, GCSF (UniProt P09919), IGF2 (UniProt P01344), Becaplermin, Palifermin, Tasonermin, Aflibercept, Rilonacept, Romiplostim, Tagraxofusp, Efmoroctocog alfa, Eftrenonacog alfa, Rilonacept, Belatacept, Atacicept, Albutrepenonacog alfa, Dulaglutide, Etanercept, Asfotase Alfa, Natalizumab, Rituximab, Adalimumab, Ipilimumab, Trastuzumab, Bevacizumab, Evolocumab, Ixekizumab, Omalizumab, Teprotumumab, Idarucizumab, Cetuximab, Oportuzumab monatox, Ibritumomab tiuxetan, Abciximab, Rituximab, Ofatumumab, Erenumab, Emicizumab or Atezolizumab;

-   -   optionally wherein said sequence fragment and/or said another         sequence fragment comprises at most five, preferably at most         four, more preferably at most three, even more preferably at         most two, especially at most one amino acid substitutions.

Embodiment 34. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 33, wherein each of the peptide n-mers is covalently bound to the biopolymer scaffold, preferably via a linker each.

Embodiment 35. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 34, wherein at least one of said linkers is selected from disulphide bridges and PEG molecules.

Embodiment 36. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 35, wherein at least one of the spacers S is selected from PEG molecules or glycans.

Embodiment 37. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 36, wherein at least one occurrence of P is P_(a) and at least one occurrence of P is P_(b),

-   -   wherein P_(a) is a peptide with a sequence length of 5-13,         preferably 7-13, amino acids,     -   wherein P_(b) is a peptide with a sequence length of 5-13,         preferably 7-13, amino acids,     -   wherein the entire sequence, optionally with the exception of an         N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine, of peptide P_(a) is         identical to a sequence fragment of a protein, wherein the         protein is identified by UniProt accession code P02708, O15146         or 075096, optionally wherein said sequence fragment comprises         at most five, preferably at most four, more preferably at most         three, even more preferably at most two, especially at most one         amino acid substitutions,     -   wherein the entire sequence, optionally with the exception of an         N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine, of peptide P_(b) is         identical to a sequence fragment of a protein, wherein the         protein is identified by UniProt accession code P02708, O15146         or 075096, optionally wherein said sequence fragment comprises         at most five, preferably at most four, more preferably at most         three, even more preferably at most two, especially at most one         amino acid substitutions.

Embodiment 38. The compound of any one of embodiments 14 to 37, wherein, in particular for P_(a) and/or P_(b), said sequence fragment of the protein is a fragment of the sequence consisting of amino acids 21-255 of the AChR subunit alpha sequence identified by UniProt accession code P02708 (optionally wherein the sequence fragment comprises at most five, preferably at most four, more preferably at most three, even more preferably at most two, especially at most one amino acid substitutions (e.g. such that a mimotope is formed)).

Embodiment 39. The compound of any one of embodiments 14 to 38, wherein, in particular for P_(a) and/or P_(b), said sequence fragment of the protein is a fragment of the sequence LKWNPDDYGGVKKIHIPSEK (SEQ ID NO: 38), preferably of the sequence WNPDDYGGVK (SEQ ID NO: 39) or VKKIHIPSEK (SEQ ID NO: 40).

Embodiment 40. The compound of any one of embodiments 6 to 39, wherein peptide P_(a) and/or peptide P_(b) consist of the sequence VKKIHIPSEKG (SEQ ID NO: 41) optionally with an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine residue.

Embodiment 41. The compound of any one of embodiments 6 to 40, wherein the first peptide n-mer is P_(a)-S-P_(b) and the second peptide n-mer is P_(a)-S-P_(b).

Embodiment 42. The compound of any one of embodiments 6 to 40, wherein the peptide P_(a) and the peptide P_(b) comprise the same amino-acid sequence fragment, wherein the amino-acid sequence fragment has a length of at least 5 amino acids, even more preferably at least 6 amino acids, yet even more preferably at least 7 amino acids, especially at least 8 amino acids or even at least 9 amino acids.

Embodiment 43. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 36, wherein at least one occurrence of P is P_(a) and at least one occurrence of P is P_(b),

-   -   wherein P_(a) is a peptide with a sequence length of 5-13,         preferably 7-13, amino acids,     -   wherein P_(b) is a peptide with a sequence length of 5-13,         preferably 7-13, amino acids,     -   wherein the entire sequence, optionally with the exception of an         N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine, of peptide P_(a) is         identical to a sequence fragment of a protein, wherein the         protein is identified by UniProt accession code Q1HVF7, P03211,         Q13585 or P30556, optionally wherein said sequence fragment         comprises at most five, preferably at most four, more preferably         at most three, even more preferably at most two, especially at         most one amino acid substitutions,     -   wherein the entire sequence, optionally with the exception of an         N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine, of peptide P_(b) is         identical to a sequence fragment of a protein, wherein the         protein is identified by UniProt accession code Q1HVF7, P03211,         Q13585 or P30556, optionally wherein said sequence fragment         comprises at most five, preferably at most four, more preferably         at most three, even more preferably at most two, especially at         most one amino acid substitutions.

Embodiment 44. The compound of any one of embodiments 14 to 36 and 43, wherein, in particular for P_(a) and/or P_(b), said sequence fragment of the protein is a fragment of the sequence RPQKRPSCIGCKGTH (SEQ ID NO: 42) or RPQKRPSCIGCKGAH (SEQ ID NO: 43), preferably of the sequence KRPSCIGCK (SEQ ID NO: 44).

Embodiment 45. The compound of any one of embodiments 14 to 36 and 43 to 44, wherein, in particular for P_(a) and/or P_(b), said sequence fragment of the protein is a fragment of any one of the sequences MILNSSTEDGIKRIQDDCPKAGRHNYI (SEQ ID NO: 45), TAMEYRWPFGNYLCK (SEQ ID NO: 46), AIIHRNVFFIENTNITVCAFHYESQNSTLP (SEQ ID NO: 47), DVLIQLGIIRDCR (SEQ ID NO: 48), more preferably of the sequence AFHYESQ (SEQ ID NO: 49).

Embodiment 46. The compound of any one of embodiments 6 to 36 and 43 to 45, wherein peptide P_(a) and/or peptide P_(b) consist of the sequence GRPQKRPSCIG (SEQ ID NO: 50) optionally with an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine residue.

Embodiment 47. The compound of embodiments 6 to 36 and 43 to 46, wherein the first peptide n-mer is P_(a)-S-P_(b) and the second peptide n-mer is P_(a)-S-P_(b).

Embodiment 48. The compound of embodiments 6 to 36 and 43 to 47, wherein the peptide P_(a) and the peptide P_(b) comprise the same amino-acid sequence fragment, wherein the amino-acid sequence fragment has a length of at least 5 amino acids, even more preferably at least 6 amino acids, yet even more preferably at least 7 amino acids, especially at least 8 amino acids or even at least 9 amino acids.

Embodiment 49. A compound, preferably for the sequestration (or depletion) of anti human muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies, anti human muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase antibodies and/or anti human low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 4 antibodies present in a human individual, the compound comprising a biopolymer scaffold and at least two peptides with a sequence length of 7-13 amino acids, wherein each of the peptides independently comprises a 7-13 amino-acid sequence fragment of the AChR subunit alpha sequence identified by UniProt accession code P02708 (optionally wherein the sequence fragment comprises at most five, preferably at most four, more preferably at most three, even more preferably at most two, especially at most one amino acid substitutions (e.g. such that a mimotope is formed)) or of the muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase sequence identified by UniProt accession code O15146 (optionally wherein the sequence fragment comprises at most five, preferably at most four, more preferably at most three, even more preferably at most two, especially at most one amino acid substitutions (e.g. such that a mimotope is formed)) or of the low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 4 sequence identified by UniProt accession code O75096 (optionally wherein the sequence fragment comprises at most five, preferably at most four, more preferably at most three, even more preferably at most two, especially at most one amino acid substitutions (e.g. such that a mimotope is formed)), wherein the peptides are covalently bound to the biopolymer scaffold,

-   -   wherein the biopolymer scaffold is an anti-CD163 antibody (i.e.         an antibody specific for a CD163 protein) or CD163-binding         fragment thereof.

Embodiment 50. The compound of embodiment 49, wherein the at least two peptides comprise a peptide P₁ and a peptide P₂, wherein P₁ and P₂ comprise the same 7-13 amino-acid sequence fragment of AChR subunit alpha, wherein P₁ and P₂ are present in form of a peptide dimer

-   -   P₁-S-P₂, wherein S is a non-peptide spacer, wherein the peptide         dimer is covalently bound to the biopolymer scaffold, preferably         via a linker.

Embodiment 51. The compound of 49 or 50, wherein said 7-13 amino-acid sequence fragment of AChR subunit alpha is a fragment of the sequence consisting of amino acids 21-255 of the AChR subunit alpha sequence identified by UniProt accession code P02708 (optionally wherein the sequence fragment comprises at most five, preferably at most four, more preferably at most three, even more preferably at most two, especially at most one amino acid substitutions (e.g. such that a mimotope is formed)).

Embodiment 52. The compound of any one of embodiments 49 to 51, wherein said 7-13 amino-acid sequence fragment of AChR subunit alpha is a fragment of the sequence LKWNPDDYGGVKKIHIPSEK (SEQ ID NO: 38), preferably of the sequence WNPDDYGGVK (SEQ ID NO: 39) or VKKIHIPSEK (SEQ ID NO: 40); optionally wherein the sequence fragment comprises at most five, preferably at most four, more preferably at most three, even more preferably at most two, especially at most one amino acid substitutions (e.g. such that a mimotope is formed).

Embodiment 53. The compound of any one of embodiments 49 to 52, wherein the peptides have a sequence length of 8-13 amino acids, preferably 9-12 amino acids, more preferably 10-12 amino acids, especially wherein the peptides consist of the sequence VKKIHIPSEKG (SEQ ID NO: 41) optionally with an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine residue.

Embodiment 54. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 53, wherein the compound further comprises at least one peptide with a sequence length of 7-13 amino acids, wherein the at least one peptide comprises a 7-13 amino-acid sequence fragment of the muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase sequence identified by UniProt accession code O15146 or of the low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 4 sequence identified by UniProt accession code 075096, wherein the at least one peptide is covalently bound to the biopolymer scaffold, preferably via a linker.

Embodiment 55. A compound, preferably for the sequestration (or depletion) of anti-Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1) antibodies, anti human melatonin-related receptor (GPR50) antibodies and/or anti human type-1 angiotensin II receptor (AT1AR) antibodies present in a human individual, the compound comprising a biopolymer scaffold and at least two peptides with a sequence length of 7-13 amino acids,

-   -   wherein each of the peptides independently comprises a 7-13         amino-acid sequence fragment of the EBNA1 sequence identified by         UniProt accession code Q1HVF7 or P03211 or of the GPR50 sequence         identified by UniProt accession code Q13585 or of the type-1         angiotensin II receptor (AT1AR) sequence identified by UniProt         accession code P30556, wherein the peptides are covalently bound         to the biopolymer scaffold,     -   wherein the biopolymer scaffold is an anti-CD163 antibody (i.e.         an antibody specific for a CD163 protein) or CD163-binding         fragment thereof.

Embodiment 56. The compound of embodiment 55, wherein the at least two peptides comprise a peptide P₁ and a peptide P₂, wherein P₁ and P₂ comprise the same 7-13 amino-acid sequence fragment of said EBNA1 sequence or said GPR50 sequence, wherein P₁ and P₂ are present in form of a peptide dimer P₁-S-P₂, wherein S is a non-peptide spacer, wherein the peptide dimer is covalently bound to the biopolymer scaffold, preferably via a linker.

Embodiment 57. The compound of embodiment 55 or 56, wherein said 7-13 amino-acid sequence fragment is a fragment of the sequence RPQKRPSCIGCKGTH (SEQ ID NO: 42) or RPQKRPSCIGCKGAH (SEQ ID NO: 43), preferably of the sequence KRPSCIGCK (SEQ ID NO: 44); and/or wherein the peptides have a sequence length of 8-13 amino acids, preferably 9-12 amino acids, more preferably 10-12 amino acids, especially wherein at least one of the at least two, preferably each of the peptides consist of the sequence GRPQKRPSCIG (SEQ ID NO: 50) optionally with an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine residue.

Embodiment 58. The compound of any one of embodiments 55 to 57, wherein said 7-13 amino-acid sequence fragment is a fragment of any one of the sequences MILNSSTEDGIKRIQDDCPKAGRHNYI (SEQ ID NO: 45), TAMEYRWPFGNYLCK (SEQ ID NO: 46), AIIHRNVFFIENTNITVCAFHYESQNSTLP (SEQ ID NO: 47), DVLIQLGIIRDCR (SEQ ID NO: 48), more preferably of the sequence AFHYESQ (SEQ ID NO: 49).

Embodiment 59. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 58, wherein the compound further comprises at least one peptide with a sequence length of 7-13 amino acids, wherein the at least one peptide comprises a 7-13 amino-acid sequence fragment of the type-1 angiotensin II receptor (AT1AR) sequence identified by UniProt accession code P30556, preferably of any one of the sequences MILNSSTEDGIKRIQDDCPKAGRHNYI (SEQ ID NO: 45), TAMEYRWPFGNYLCK (SEQ ID NO: 46), AIIHRNVFFIENTNITVCAFHYESQNSTLP (SEQ ID NO: 47), DVLIQLGIIRDCR (SEQ ID NO: 48), more preferably of the sequence AFHYESQ (SEQ ID NO: 49); wherein the at least one peptide is covalently bound to the biopolymer scaffold, preferably via a linker.

Embodiment 60. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 59, wherein each of the peptides is covalently bound to the scaffold via a linker.

Embodiment 61. The compound of any one embodiments 1 to 60, wherein the anti-CD163 antibody or CD163-binding fragment thereof is specific for the extracellular region of CD163, preferably for an SRCR domain of CD163, more preferably for any one of SRCR domains 1-9 of CD163, even more preferably for any one of SRCR domains 1-3 of CD163, especially for SRCR domain 1 of CD163.

Embodiment 62. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 61, wherein the anti-CD163 antibody or CD163-binding fragment thereof is capable of competing for binding to (preferably human) CD163 with a (preferably human) hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex; and/or

-   -   wherein the anti-CD163 antibody or CD163-binding fragment         thereof is capable of competing for binding to human CD163 with         an antibody having a heavy chain variable (V_(H)) region         consisting of the amino acid sequence

(SEQ ID NO: 1) DVQLQESGPGLVKPSQSLSLTCTVTGYSITSDYAWNWIRQFPGNKLEWMG YITYSGITNYNPSLKSQISITRDTSKNQFFLQLNSVTTEDTATYYCVSGT YYFDYWGQGTTLTVSS,

-   -   and having a light-chain variable (V_(L)) region consisting of         the amino acid sequence

(SEQ ID NO: 2) SVVMTQTPKSLLISIGDRVTITCKASQSVSSDVAWFQQKPGQSPKPLIYY ASNRYTGVPDRFTGSGYGTDFTFTISSVQAEDLAVYFCGQDYTSPRTFGG GTKLEIKRA.

Embodiment 63. The compound of any one of embodiments 49 to 62, wherein at least one of the at least two peptides is circularized.

Embodiment 64. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 63, wherein the compound is non-immunogenic in humans.

Embodiment 65. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 64 and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Embodiment 66. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 65, wherein the composition is prepared for intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular and/or intravenous administration and/or wherein the composition is for repeated administration.

Embodiment 67. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 66, wherein the molar ratio of peptide P to biopolymer scaffold in the composition is from 2:1 to 100:1, preferably from 3:1 to 90:1, more preferably from 4:1 to 80:1, even more preferably from 5:1 to 70:1, yet even more preferably from 6:1 to 60:1, especially from 7:1 to 50:1 or even from 8:10 to 40:1.

Embodiment 68. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 6 to 67, wherein the molar ratio of peptide P_(a) to biopolymer scaffold in the composition is from 2:1 to 100:1, preferably from 3:1 to 90:1, more preferably from 4:1 to 80:1, even more preferably from 5:1 to 70:1, yet even more preferably from 6:1 to 60:1, especially from 7:1 to 50:1 or even from 8:10 to 40:1.

Embodiment 69. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 6 to 68, wherein the molar ratio of peptide P_(b) to biopolymer scaffold in the composition is from 2:1 to 100:1, preferably from 3:1 to 90:1, more preferably from 4:1 to 80:1, even more preferably from 5:1 to 70:1, yet even more preferably from 6:1 to 60:1, especially from 7:1 to 50:1 or even from 8:10 to 40:1.

Embodiment 70. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 65 to 69 for use in therapy.

Embodiment 71. The pharmaceutical composition for use according to embodiment 70, for use in prevention or treatment of an autoimmune disease in an individual having the autoimmune disease or being at risk of developing the autoimmune disease.

Embodiment 72. The pharmaceutical composition for use according to embodiment 71, wherein the autoimmune disease is selected from the group consisting of neuromyelitis optica, seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, autoimmune-encephalitis, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus dementia, myasthenia gravis, in particular transient neonatal myasthenia gravis, dilatative Cardiomyopathy, pulmonary hypertension, Sjögren's Syndrome, celiac Disease, Graves Disease, Goodpasture Disease, preeclampsia, Behcet's Disease, systemic sclerosis, hypertension, type I diabetes, type II diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, anti N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis, antiphospholipid syndrome, membranous nephropathy, primary biliary cholangitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Chagas disease cardiomyopathy, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita and bullous systemic lupus erythematosus.

Embodiment 73. The pharmaceutical composition for use according to embodiment 70, for use in prevention or treatment of transplant rejection in an individual having a transplant or eligible for a transplantation.

Embodiment 74. The pharmaceutical composition for use according to embodiment 70, for use in prevention or treatment of adverse reactions based on anti-drug antibodies or anti-gene-delivery vector antibodies, such as anti-AAV antibodies, in an individual undergoing therapy with the drug or eligible for therapy with the drug, or in an individual undergoing gene therapy or eligible for gene therapy,

-   -   preferably wherein the drug is a peptide or protein, especially         selected from the group of enzymes, enzyme inhibitors,         antibodies, antibody fragments, antibody mimetics, antibody-drug         conjugates, hormones, growth factors, clotting factors and         cytokines, preferably wherein the entire sequence, optionally         with the exception of an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine,         of at least one occurrence of peptide P, or of peptide P_(a)         and/or of peptide P_(b) is identical to a sequence fragment of         an amino-acid sequence of the peptide or protein, optionally         wherein said sequence fragment comprises at most five,         preferably at most four, more preferably at most three, even         more preferably at most two, especially at most one amino acid         substitutions;     -   and/or preferably wherein the pharmaceutical composition is         administered at least twice within a 96-hour window, preferably         within a 72-hour window, more preferably within a 48-hour         window, even more preferably within a 36-hour window, yet even         more preferably within a 24-hour window, especially within a         18-hour window or even within a 12-hour window, especially         wherein this window is followed by administration of the drug         within 24 hours, preferably within 12 hours.

Embodiment 75. The pharmaceutical composition for use according to embodiment 74, wherein the drug is Alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor, Alglucerase, Taliglucerase alfa, Pegademase, Agalsidase beta, Alglucosidase alfa, Laronidase, Idursulfase, Elosulfase alfa, Galsulfase, Sebelipase alfa, Cerliponase alfa, Sebelipase alfa, Asfotase Alfa, Elapegademase, Olipudase alpha, Velmanase alpha, N(4)-(beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-L-asparaginase, Rasburicase, Pegloticase, Human Antithrombin III, Plasma protease C1 inhibitor, Turoctocog alfa, Drotrecogin alfa, Emicizumab, Coagulation factor VIIa Recombinant Human, Antihemophilic factor human recombinant, Von Willebrand Factor Human, Susoctocog alfa, Antihemophilic factor human recombinant, Antihemophilic factor, human recombinant, Oprelvekin, Aldesleukin, Rilonacept, Anakinra, Denileukin diftitox, Erythropoietin, Interferon beta-1a, Interferon alfa, interferon alfa-2b, interferon alfacon-1, interferon gamma-1b, interferon alfa-2b recombinant, growth hormone (UniProt P01241), insulin (UniProt P01308), IGF1 (UniProt P05019), PTH (UniProt P01270), Thyrotropin alfa, Choriogonadotropin alfa, Follitropin, Lutropin alfa, Somatotropin, Albiglutide, Metreleptin, Corifollitropin alfa, Filgrastim, FGF2 (UniProt P09038), NGF (UniProt P01138), GDNF (UniProt P39905), BDNF (UniProt P23560), Mecasermin, Palifermin, GCSF (UniProt P09919), IGF2 (UniProt P01344), Becaplermin, Palifermin, Tasonermin, Aflibercept, Rilonacept, Romiplostim, Tagraxofusp, Efmoroctocog alfa, Eftrenonacog alfa, Rilonacept, Belatacept, Atacicept, Albutrepenonacog alfa, Dulaglutide, Etanercept, Asfotase Alfa, Natalizumab, Rituximab, Adalimumab, Ipilimumab, Trastuzumab, Bevacizumab, Evolocumab, Ixekizumab, Omalizumab, Teprotumumab, Idarucizumab, Cetuximab, Oportuzumab monatox, Ibritumomab tiuxetan, Abciximab, Rituximab, Ofatumumab, Erenumab, Emicizumab or Atezolizumab,

-   -   preferably wherein the entire sequence, optionally with the         exception of an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine, of at         least one occurrence of peptide P, or of peptide P_(a) and/or of         peptide P_(b) is identical to a sequence fragment of an         amino-acid sequence of the drug, optionally wherein said         sequence fragment comprises at most five, preferably at most         four, more preferably at most three, even more preferably at         most two, especially at most one amino acid substitutions.

Embodiment 76. The pharmaceutical composition for use according to any one of embodiments 70 to 75, wherein one or more antibodies are present in the individual which are specific for at least one occurrence of peptide P, or for peptide P_(a) and/or peptide P_(b), preferably wherein said antibodies are related to said disease.

Embodiment 77. The pharmaceutical composition for use according to any one of embodiments 70 to 76, wherein the composition is non-immunogenic in the individual.

Embodiment 78. The pharmaceutical composition for use according to any one of embodiments 70 to 77, wherein the composition is administered at a dose of 1-1000 mg, preferably 2-500 mg, more preferably 3-250 mg, even more preferably 4-100 mg, especially 5-50 mg, compound per kg body weight of the individual.

Embodiment 79. The pharmaceutical composition for use according to any one of embodiments 70 to 78, wherein the composition is administered intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously.

Embodiment 80. A method of sequestering (or depleting) one or more antibodies present in an individual, comprising

-   -   obtaining a pharmaceutical composition as defined in any one of         embodiments 65 to 69, wherein the composition is non-immunogenic         in the individual and wherein the one or more antibodies present         in the individual are specific for at least one occurrence of P,         or for peptide P_(a) and/or peptide P_(b); and     -   administering the pharmaceutical composition to the individual.

Embodiment 81. The method of embodiment 80, wherein the individual is a non-human animal, preferably a non-human primate, a sheep, a pig, a dog or a rodent, in particular a mouse.

Embodiment 82. The method of embodiments 80 or 81, wherein the biopolymer scaffold is autologous with respect to the individual.

Embodiment 83. The method of any one of embodiments 80 to 82, wherein the individual is administered a heterologous protein, preferably a heterologous antibody such as a nanobody, and wherein the one or more antibodies present in the individual are specific for said heterologous protein, preferably wherein said administering of the heterologous protein is prior to, concurrent with and/or subsequent to said administering of the pharmaceutical composition.

Embodiment 84. The method of any one of embodiments 80 to 83, wherein the individual is a non-human animal and the heterologous protein is human or humanized.

Embodiment 85. The method of any one of embodiments 80 to 82, wherein the individual is administered a drug and wherein the one or more antibodies present in the individual are specific for said drug, preferably wherein said administering of the drug is prior to, concurrent with and/or subsequent to said administering of the pharmaceutical composition.

Embodiment 86. The method of embodiment 85, wherein the drug is Alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor, Alglucerase, Taliglucerase alfa, Pegademase, Agalsidase beta, Alglucosidase alfa, Laronidase, Idursulfase, Elosulfase alfa, Galsulfase, Sebelipase alfa, Cerliponase alfa, Sebelipase alfa, Asfotase Alfa, Elapegademase, Olipudase alpha, Velmanase alpha, N(4)-(beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-L-asparaginase, Rasburicase, Pegloticase, Human Antithrombin III, Plasma protease C1 inhibitor, Turoctocog alfa, Drotrecogin alfa, Emicizumab, Coagulation factor VIIa Recombinant Human, Antihemophilic factor human recombinant, Von Willebrand Factor Human, Susoctocog alfa, Antihemophilic factor human recombinant, Antihemophilic factor, human recombinant, Oprelvekin, Aldesleukin, Rilonacept, Anakinra, Denileukin diftitox, Erythropoietin, Interferon beta-1a, Interferon alfa, interferon alfa-2b, interferon alfacon-1, interferon gamma-1b, interferon alfa-2b recombinant, growth hormone (UniProt P01241), insulin (UniProt P01308), IGF1 (UniProt P05019), PTH (UniProt P01270), Thyrotropin alfa, Choriogonadotropin alfa, Follitropin, Lutropin alfa, Somatotropin, Albiglutide, Metreleptin, Corifollitropin alfa, Filgrastim, FGF2 (UniProt P09038), NGF (UniProt P01138), GDNF (UniProt P39905), BDNF (UniProt P23560), Mecasermin, Palifermin, GCSF (UniProt P09919), IGF2 (UniProt P01344), Becaplermin, Palifermin, Tasonermin, Aflibercept, Rilonacept, Romiplostim, Tagraxofusp, Efmoroctocog alfa, Eftrenonacog alfa, Rilonacept, Belatacept, Atacicept, Albutrepenonacog alfa, Dulaglutide, Etanercept, Asfotase Alfa, Natalizumab, Rituximab, Adalimumab, Ipilimumab, Trastuzumab, Bevacizumab, Evolocumab, Ixekizumab, Omalizumab, Teprotumumab, Idarucizumab, Cetuximab, Oportuzumab monatox, Ibritumomab tiuxetan, Abciximab, Rituximab, Ofatumumab, Erenumab, Emicizumab or Atezolizumab.

Embodiment 87. The method of any one of embodiments 80 to 86, wherein the individual is healthy.

Embodiment 88. The method of any one of embodiments 80 to 87, wherein the composition is administered intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously.

Embodiment 89. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising the compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 64 and further comprising an active agent such as a protein or a peptide and optionally at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein the active agent comprises a peptide fragment with a sequence length of 2-13 amino acids, preferably 3-11 amino acids, more preferably 4-9 amino acids, especially 5-8 amino acids, and

-   -   wherein the sequence of at least one occurrence of peptide P, or         peptide P_(a) and/or peptide P_(b), of the compound is at least         70% identical, preferably at least 75% identical, more         preferably at least 80% identical, yet more preferably at least         85% identical, even more preferably at least 90% identical, yet         even more preferably at least 95% identical, especially         completely identical to the sequence of said peptide fragment.

Embodiment 90. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 89, wherein the active agent is an enzyme, preferably a human enzyme, an antibody, preferably a human or humanized antibody, a hormone, a growth factor, a clotting factor, a cytokine or a gene delivery vector, such as AAV.

Embodiment 91. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 89 or 90, wherein the active agent is Alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor, Alglucerase, Taliglucerase alfa, Pegademase, Agalsidase beta, Alglucosidase alfa, Laronidase, Idursulfase, Elosulfase alfa, Galsulfase, Sebelipase alfa, Cerliponase alfa, Sebelipase alfa, Asfotase Alfa, Elapegademase, Olipudase alpha, Velmanase alpha, N(4)-(beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-L-asparaginase, Rasburicase, Pegloticase, Human Antithrombin III, Plasma protease C1 inhibitor, Turoctocog alfa, Drotrecogin alfa, Emicizumab, Coagulation factor VIIa Recombinant Human, Antihemophilic factor human recombinant, Von Willebrand Factor Human, Susoctocog alfa, Antihemophilic factor human recombinant, Antihemophilic factor, human recombinant, Oprelvekin, Aldesleukin, Rilonacept, Anakinra, Denileukin diftitox, Erythropoietin, Interferon beta-1a, Interferon alfa, interferon alfa-2b, interferon alfacon-1, interferon gamma-1b, interferon alfa-2b recombinant, growth hormone (UniProt P01241), insulin (UniProt P01308), IGF1 (UniProt P05019), PTH (UniProt P01270), Thyrotropin alfa, Choriogonadotropin alfa, Follitropin, Lutropin alfa, Somatotropin, Albiglutide, Metreleptin, Corifollitropin alfa, Filgrastim, FGF2 (UniProt P09038), NGF (UniProt P01138), GDNF (UniProt P39905), BDNF (UniProt P23560), Mecasermin, Palifermin, GCSF (UniProt P09919), IGF2 (UniProt P01344), Becaplermin, Palifermin, Tasonermin, Aflibercept, Rilonacept, Romiplostim, Tagraxofusp, Efmoroctocog alfa, Eftrenonacog alfa, Rilonacept, Belatacept, Atacicept, Albutrepenonacog alfa, Dulaglutide, Etanercept, Asfotase Alfa, Natalizumab, Rituximab, Adalimumab, Ipilimumab, Trastuzumab, Bevacizumab, Evolocumab, Ixekizumab, Omalizumab, Teprotumumab, Idarucizumab, Cetuximab, Oportuzumab monatox, Ibritumomab tiuxetan, Abciximab, Rituximab, Ofatumumab, Erenumab, Emicizumab or Atezolizumab.

Embodiment 92. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 89 to 91, wherein the composition is prepared for intravenous administration.

Embodiment 93. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 89 to 92, wherein the composition is an aqueous solution.

Embodiment 94. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 89 to 93 for use in inhibition of an immune reaction, preferably an antibody-mediated immune reaction, against the active agent.

Embodiment 95. The pharmaceutical composition for use according to embodiment 94, wherein the composition is non-immunogenic in the individual.

Embodiment 96. A method of inhibiting an immune reaction to a treatment with an active agent in an individual in need of treatment with the active agent, comprising

-   -   obtaining a pharmaceutical composition as defined in any one of         embodiments 89 to 95; wherein the compound of the pharmaceutical         composition is non-immunogenic in the individual, and     -   administering the pharmaceutical composition to the individual.

Embodiment 97. The method of embodiment 96, wherein the individual is human.

Embodiment 98. The method of embodiment 96 or 97, wherein the biopolymer scaffold is autologous with respect to the individual.

Embodiment 99. The method of any one of embodiments 96 to 98, wherein the composition is administered intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously.

Embodiment 100. A method of providing a compound according to any one of embodiments 1 to 64, comprising the steps of

-   -   identifying at least one individual having an undesired antibody         against an antigen,     -   screening a peptide library to identify a peptide mimotope for         which the undesired antibody is specific, and     -   providing the compound, wherein at least one occurrence of P of         the compound comprises the entire sequence of the peptide         mimotope.

Embodiment 101. The method of embodiment 100, wherein the antigen is a peptide or protein, wherein the sequence of the peptide or protein does not comprise the entire sequence of the peptide mimotope.

Embodiment 102. The method of embodiment 100 or 101, wherein at least 10% of all occurrences of P comprise the entire sequence of the peptide mimotope, more preferably wherein at least 25% of all occurrences of P comprise the entire sequence of the peptide mimotope, yet more preferably wherein at least 50% of all occurrences of P comprise the entire sequence of the peptide mimotope, even more preferably wherein at least 75% of all occurrences of P comprise the entire sequence of the peptide mimotope, yet even more preferably wherein at least 90% of all occurrences of P comprise the entire sequence of the peptide mimotope or even wherein at least 95% of all occurrences of P comprise the entire sequence of the peptide mimotope, especially wherein all of the occurrences of P comprise the entire sequence of the peptide mimotope.

Embodiment 103. The method of any one of embodiments 100 to 102, wherein the peptide library comprises circular peptides.

Embodiment 104. The method of any one of embodiments 100 to 103, wherein the peptide library is a phage display library, a peptide microarray library or a soluble peptide library.

Embodiment 105. The method of any one of embodiments 100 to 104, wherein the screening of the peptide library is performed with a serum obtained from the at least one individual, wherein the serum comprises the undesired antibody.

Embodiment 106. The method of any one of embodiments 100 to 105, wherein the compound is non-immunogenic in the at least one individual.

Embodiment 107. The method of any one of embodiments 100 to 106, wherein the at least one individual is a non-human animal, preferably a non-human primate, a sheep, a pig, a dog or a rodent, in particular a mouse.

Embodiment 108. The method of any one of embodiments 100 to 106, wherein the at least one individual is human.

Embodiment 109. The method of any one of embodiments 100 to 108, wherein the biopolymer scaffold is autologous with respect to the at least one individual.

Embodiment 110. The method of any one of embodiments 100 to 109, wherein the at least one individual has been administered a heterologous protein, preferably a heterologous antibody such as a nanobody, and wherein the antigen is said heterologous protein.

Embodiment 111. The method of any one of embodiments 100 to 110, wherein the at least one individual is a non-human animal and the heterologous protein is human or humanized.

Embodiment 112. The method of any one of embodiments 100 to 111, wherein the individual has been administered a drug and wherein the drug is the antigen.

Embodiment 113. The method of embodiment 112, wherein the drug is an enzyme, preferably a human enzyme, an antibody, preferably a human or humanized antibody, a hormone, a growth factor, a clotting factor, a cytokine or a gene delivery vector, such as AAV.

Embodiment 114. The method of embodiment 112, wherein the drug is Alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor, Alglucerase, Taliglucerase alfa, Pegademase, Agalsidase beta, Alglucosidase alfa, Laronidase, Idursulfase, Elosulfase alfa, Galsulfase, Sebelipase alfa, Cerliponase alfa, Sebelipase alfa, Asfotase Alfa, Elapegademase, Olipudase alpha, Velmanase alpha, N(4)-(beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-L-asparaginase, Rasburicase, Pegloticase, Human Antithrombin III, Plasma protease C1 inhibitor, Turoctocog alfa, Drotrecogin alfa, Emicizumab, Coagulation factor VIIa Recombinant Human, Antihemophilic factor human recombinant, Von Willebrand Factor Human, Susoctocog alfa, Antihemophilic factor human recombinant, Antihemophilic factor, human recombinant, Oprelvekin, Aldesleukin, Rilonacept, Anakinra, Denileukin diftitox, Erythropoietin, Interferon beta-1a, Interferon alfa, interferon alfa-2b, interferon alfacon-1, interferon gamma-1b, interferon alfa-2b recombinant, growth hormone (UniProt P01241), insulin (UniProt P01308), IGF1 (UniProt P05019), PTH (UniProt P01270), Thyrotropin alfa, Choriogonadotropin alfa, Follitropin, Lutropin alfa, Somatotropin, Albiglutide, Metreleptin, Corifollitropin alfa, Filgrastim, FGF2 (UniProt P09038), NGF (UniProt P01138), GDNF (UniProt P39905), BDNF (UniProt P23560), Mecasermin, Palifermin, GCSF (UniProt P09919), IGF2 (UniProt P01344), Becaplermin, Palifermin, Tasonermin, Aflibercept, Rilonacept, Romiplostim, Tagraxofusp, Efmoroctocog alfa, Eftrenonacog alfa, Rilonacept, Belatacept, Atacicept, Albutrepenonacog alfa, Dulaglutide, Etanercept, Asfotase Alfa, Natalizumab, Rituximab, Adalimumab, Ipilimumab, Trastuzumab, Bevacizumab, Evolocumab, Ixekizumab, Omalizumab, Teprotumumab, Idarucizumab, Cetuximab, Oportuzumab monatox, Ibritumomab tiuxetan, Abciximab, Rituximab, Ofatumumab, Erenumab, Emicizumab or Atezolizumab.

Embodiment 115. The method of any one of embodiments 100 to 114, wherein the individual is healthy.

Embodiment 116. The method of any one of embodiments 100 to 115, wherein the undesired antibody is an autoantibody of the at least one individual.

Embodiment 117. A peptide consisting of 7-25, preferably 8-20, even more preferably 9-15, especially 10-13 amino acids, wherein the peptide comprises the amino acid sequence CSGRVEVKVQEEWGTVCNNGWSMEA (SEQ ID NO: 3) or a 7-24 amino-acid fragment thereof.

Embodiment 118. The peptide of embodiment 117, wherein the peptide comprises the amino acid sequence GRVEVKVQEEW (SEQ ID NO: 4), WGTVCNNGWS (SEQ ID NO: 5) or WGTVCNNGW (SEQ ID NO: 6).

Embodiment 119. The peptide of embodiment 117, wherein the peptide comprises an amino acid sequence selected from

(SEQ ID NO: 7)   EWGTVCNNGWSME, (SEQ ID NO: 8) QEEWGTVCNNGWS, (SEQ ID NO: 9) WGTVCNNGWSMEA, (SEQ ID NO: 10) EEWGTVCNNGWSM, (SEQ ID NO: 11) VQEEWGTVCNNGW, (SEQ ID NO: 12) EWGTVCNNGW and (SEQ ID NO: 13) WGTVCNNGWS.

Embodiment 120. The peptide of embodiment 119, wherein the peptide consists of an amino acid sequence selected from EWGTVCNNGWSME (SEQ ID NO: 14), QEEWGTVCNNGWS (SEQ ID NO: 15), WGTVCNNGWSMEA (SEQ ID NO: 16), EEWGTVCNNGWSM (SEQ ID NO: 17), VQEEWGTVCNNGW (SEQ ID NO: 18), EWGTVCNNGW(SEQ ID NO: 19) and WGTVCNNGWS (SEQ ID NO: 20), optionally with an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine residue.

Embodiment 121. A peptide consisting of 7-25, preferably 8-20, even more preferably 9-15, especially 10-13 amino acids, wherein the peptide comprises the amino acid sequence DHVSCRGNESALWDCKHDGWG (SEQ ID NO: 21) or a 7-20 amino-acid fragment thereof.

Embodiment 122. The peptide of embodiment 121, wherein the peptide comprises the amino acid sequence ESALW (SEQ ID NO: 22) or ALW.

Embodiment 123. The peptide of embodiment 121, wherein the peptide comprises an amino acid sequence selected from ESALWDC (SEQ ID NO:23), RGNESALWDC (SEQ ID NO: 24), SCRGNESALW (SEQ ID NO:25), VSCRGNESALWDC (SEQ ID NO:26), ALWDCKHDGW (SEQ ID NO: 27), DHVSCRGNESALW (SEQ ID NO: 28), CRGNESALWD (SEQ ID NO: 29), NESALWDCKHDGW (SEQ ID NO: 30) and ESALWDCKHDGWG (SEQ ID NO: 31). Embodiment 124. The peptide of embodiment 123, wherein the peptide consists of an amino acid sequence selected from ESALWDC (SEQ ID NO: 23), RGNESALWDC (SEQ ID NO: 24), SCRGNESALW (SEQ ID NO: 25), VSCRGNESALWDC (SEQ ID NO: 26), ALWDCKHDGW (SEQ ID NO: 27), DHVSCRGNESALW (SEQ ID NO: 28), CRGNESALWD (SEQ ID NO: 29), NESALWDCKHDGW (SEQ ID NO: 30) and ESALWDCKHDGWG (SEQ ID NO: 31), optionally with an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine residue.

Embodiment 125. A peptide consisting of 7-25, preferably 8-20, even more preferably 9-15, especially 10-13 amino acids, wherein the peptide comprises the amino acid sequence SSLGGTDKELRLVDGENKCS (SEQ ID NO: 32) or a 7-19 amino-acid fragment thereof such as a fragment comprising the first 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8 or 7 amino acids of the sequence.

Embodiment 126. The peptide of embodiment 125, wherein the peptide comprises the amino acid sequence SSLGGTDKELR (SEQ ID NO: 33) or SSLGG (SEQ ID NO: 34); preferably wherein the peptide comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SSLGGTDKELR (SEQ ID NO: 33), SSLGGTDKEL (SEQ ID NO: 78), SSLGGTDKE (SEQ ID NO: 79), SSLGGTDK (SEQ ID NO: 80), SSLGGTD (SEQ ID NO: 81), SSLGGT (SEQ ID NO: 82) and SSLGG (SEQ ID NO: 83); even more preferably wherein the peptide consists of an amino acid sequence selected from SSLGGTDKELR (SEQ ID NO: 33), SSLGGTDKEL (SEQ ID NO: 78), SSLGGTDKE (SEQ ID NO: 79), SSLGGTDK (SEQ ID NO: 80), SSLGGTD (SEQ ID NO: 81), SSLGGT (SEQ ID NO: 89) and SSLGG (SEQ ID NO: 34), optionally with an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine residue.

Embodiment 127. The peptide of any one of embodiments 117-126, wherein the peptide is linear.

Embodiment 128. The peptide of any one of embodiments 117-126, wherein the peptide is circular.

Embodiment 129. The peptide of any one of embodiments 117-128, wherein the peptide is coupled or fused to a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, preferably a protein carrier and preferably wherein the peptide is covalently coupled to the carrier.

Embodiment 130. The peptide of embodiment 129, wherein the carrier is a protein, preferably selected from the group of keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH), tetanus toxoid (TT), protein D or diphtheria toxin (DT), especially KLH.

Embodiment 131. The compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 61, wherein the anti-CD163 antibody or CD163-binding fragment thereof is specific for the peptide of any one of embodiments 121 to 128.

Embodiment 132. The pharmaceutical composition or method of any one of embodiments 62 to 116, wherein the anti-CD163 antibody or CD163-binding fragment thereof is specific for the peptide of any one of embodiments 121 to 128.

The present invention is further illustrated by the following figures and examples, without being restricted thereto. In the context of the following figures and examples the compound on which the inventive approach is based is also referred to as “Selective Antibody Depletion Compound” (SADC).

FIG. 1 : SADCs successfully reduce the titre of undesired antibodies. Each SADC was applied at time point 0 by i.p. injection into Balb/c mice pre-immunized by peptide immunization against a defined antigen. Each top panel shows anti-peptide titers (0.5× dilution steps; X-axis shows log(X) dilutions) against OD values (y-axis) according to a standard ELISA detecting the corresponding antibody. Each bottom panel shows titers Log IC50 (y-axis) before injection of each SADC (i.e. titers at −48 h and −24 h) and after application of each SADC (i.e. titers +24 h, +48 h and +72 h after injection; indicated on the x-axis). (A) Compound with albumin as the biopolymer scaffold that binds to antibodies directed against EBNA1 (associated with pre-eclampsia). The mice were pre-immunized with a peptide vaccine carrying the EBNA-1 model epitope. (B) Compound with albumin as the biopolymer scaffold that binds to antibodies directed against a peptide derived from the human AChR protein MIR (associated with myasthenia gravis). The mice were pre-immunized with a peptide vaccine carrying the AChR MIR model epitope. (C) Compound with immunoglobulin as the biopolymer scaffold that binds to antibodies directed against EBNA1 (associated with pre-eclampsia). The mice were pre-immunized with a peptide vaccine carrying the EBNA-1 model epitope. (D) Compound with haptoglobin as the biopolymer scaffold that binds to antibodies directed against EBNA1 (associated with pre-eclampsia). The mice were pre-immunized with a peptide vaccine carrying the EBNA-1 model epitope. (E) Demonstration of selectivity using the same immunoglobulin-based SADC binding to antibodies directed against EBNA1 that was used in the experiment shown in panel C. The mice were pre-immunized with an unrelated amino acid sequence. No titre reduction occurred, demonstrating selectivity of the compound.

FIG. 2 : SADCs are non-immunogenic and do not induce antibody formation after repeated injection into mice. Animals C1-C4 as well as animals C5-C8 were treated i.p. with two different SADCs. Control animal C was vaccinated with a KLH-peptide derived from the human AChR protein MIR. Using BSA-conjugated peptide probes T3-1, T9-1 and E005 (grey bars, as indicated in the graph), respectively, for antibody titer detection by standard ELISA at a dilution of 1:100, it could be demonstrated that antibody induction was absent in animals treated with an SADC, when compared to the vaccine-treated control animal C (y-axis, OD450 nm).

FIG. 3 : Successful in vitro depletion of antibodies using SADCs carrying multiple copies of monovalent or divalent peptides. SADCs with mono- or divalent peptides were very suitable to adsorb antibodies and thereby deplete them. “Monovalent” means that peptide monomers are bound to the biopolymer scaffold (i.e. n=1) whereas “divalent” means that peptide dimers are bound to the biopolymer scaffold (i.e. n=2). In the present case, the divalent peptides were “homodivalent”, i.e. the peptide n-mer of the SADC is E006-spacer-E006).

FIG. 4 : Rapid, selective antibody depletion in mice using various SADC biopolymer scaffolds. Treated groups exhibited rapid and pronounced antibody reduction already at 24 hrs (in particular SADC-TF) when compared to the mock treated control group SADC-CTL (containing an unrelated peptide). SADC with albumin scaffold-SADC-ALB, SADC with immunoglobulin scaffold -SADC-IG, SADC with haptoglobin scaffold-SADC-HP, and SADC with transferrin scaffold-SADC-TF.

FIG. 5 : Detection of SADCs in plasma via their peptide moieties 24 hrs after SADC injection. Both haptoglobin-scaffold-based SADCs (SADC-HP and SADC-CTL) exhibited a relatively shorter plasma half life which represents an advantage over SADCs with other biopolymer scaffolds such as SADC-ALB, SADC-IG oder SADC-TF. SADC with albumin scaffold—SADC-ALB, SADC with immunoglobulin scaffold—SADC-IG, SADC with haptoglobin scaffold—SADC-HP, and SADC with transferrin scaffold—SADC-TF.

FIG. 6 : Detection of SADC-IgG complexes in plasma 24 hrs after SADC injection. Haptoglobin based SADCs were subject to accelerated clearance when compared to SADCs with other biopolymer scaffolds. SADC with albumin scaffold—SADC-ALB, SADC with immunoglobulin scaffold—SADC-IG, SADC with haptoglobin scaffold—SADC-HP, and SADC with transferrin scaffold—SADC-TF.

FIG. 7 : In vitro analysis of SADC-IgG complex formation. Animals SADC-TF and -ALB showed pronounced immunocomplex formation and binding to C1q as reflected by the strong signals and by sharp signal lowering in case 1000 ng/ml SADC-TF due to the transition from antigen-antibody equilibrium to antigen excess. In contrast, in vitro immunocomplex formation with SADC-HP or SADC-IG were much less efficient when measured in the present assay. These findings corroborate the finding that haptoglobin scaffolds are advantageous over other SADC biopolymer scaffolds because of the reduced propensity to activate the complement system. SADC with albumin scaffold—SADC-ALB, SADC with immunoglobulin scaffold—SADC-IG, SADC with haptoglobin scaffold—SADC-HP, and SADC with transferrin scaffold—SADC-TF.

FIG. 8 : Determination of IgG capturing by SADCs in vitro. SADC-HP showed markedly less antibody binding capacity in vitro when compared to SADC-TF or SADC-ALB. SADC with albumin scaffold -SADC-ALB, SADC with immunoglobulin scaffold—SADC-IG, SADC with haptoglobin scaffold—SADC-HP, and SADC with transferrin scaffold—SADC-TF.

FIG. 9 : Blood clearance of an anti-CD163-antibody-based biopolymer scaffold. In a mouse model, mAb E10B10 (specific for murine CD163) is much more rapidly cleared from circulation than mAb Mac2-158 (specific for human CD163 but not for murine CD163, thus serving as negative control in this experiment).

EXAMPLES

Examples 1-3 and 5-8 demonstrate that SADCs (in particular SADCs with a haptoglobin biopolymer scaffold which also binds to CD163) are very well suited for selective removal of undesirable antibodies. Examples 4, 9 and 10-13 contain more details on the inventive anti-CD163-antibody based compounds.

Example 1: SADCs Effectively Reduce the Titre of Undesired Antibodies

Animal models: In order to provide in vivo models with measurable titers of prototypic undesired antibodies in human indications, BALB/c mice were immunized using standard experimental vaccination with KLH-conjugated peptide vaccines derived from established human autoantigens or anti-drug antibodies. After titer evaluation by standard peptide ELISA, immunized animals were treated with the corresponding test SADCs to demonstrate selective antibody lowering by SADC treatment. All experiments were performed in compliance with the guidelines by the corresponding animal ethics authorities.

Immunization of mice with model antigens: Female BALB/c mice (aged 8-10 weeks) were supplied by Janvier (France), maintained under a 12 h light/12 h dark cycle and given free access to food and water. Immunizations were performed by s.c. application of KLH carrier-conjugated peptide vaccines injected 3 times in biweekly intervals. KLH conjugates were generated with peptide T3-2 (SEQ ID NO. 51: CGRPQKRPSCIGCKG), which represents an example for molecular mimicry between a viral antigen (EBNA-1) and an endogenous human receptor antigen, namely the placental GPR50 protein, that was shown to be relevant to preeclampsia (Elliott et al.). In order to confirm the generality of this approach, a larger antigenic peptide derived from the autoimmune condition myasthenia gravis was used for immunization of mice with a human autoepitope. In analogy to peptide T3-2, animals were immunized with peptide T1-1 (SEQ ID NO. 52: LKWNPDDYGGVKKIHIPSEKGC), derived from the MIR (main immunogenic region) of the human AChR protein which plays a fundamental role in pathogenesis of the disease (Luo et al.). The T1-1 peptide was used for immunizing mice with a surrogate partial model epitope of the human AChR autoantigen. The peptide T8-1 (SEQ ID NO. 53: DHTLYTPYHTHPG) was used to immunize control mice to provide a control titer for proof of selectivity of the system. For vaccine conjugate preparation, KLH carrier (Sigma) was activated with sulfo-GMBS (Cat. Nr. 22324 Thermo), according to the manufacturer's instructions, followed by addition of either N- or C-terminally cysteinylated peptides T3-2 and T1-1 and final addition of Alhydrogel® before injection into the flank of the animals. The doses for vaccines T3-2 and T1-1 were 15 μg of conjugate in a volume of 100 ul per injection containing Alhydrogel® (InvivoGen VAC-Alu-250) at a final concentration of 1% per dose.

Generation of prototypic SADCs: For testing selective antibody lowering activity by SADCs of T3-2 and T1-1 immunized mice, SADCs were prepared with mouse serum albumin (MSA) or mouse immunoglobulin (mouse-Ig) as biopolymer scaffold in order to provide an autologous biopolymer scaffold, that will not induce any immune reaction in mice, or non-autologuous human haptoglobin as biopolymer scaffold (that did not induce an allogenic reaction after one-time injection within 72 hours). N-terminally cysteinylated SADC peptide E049 (SEQ ID NO. 50: GRPQKRPSCIG) and/or C-terminally cysteinylated SADC peptide E006 (SEQ ID NO. 41: VKKIHIPSEKG) were linked to the scaffold using sulfo-GMBS (Cat. Nr. 22324 Thermo)-activated MSA (Sigma; Cat. Nr. A3559) or -mouse-Ig (Sigma, 15381) or -human haptoglobin (Sigma H0138) according to the instructions of the manufacturer, thereby providing MSA-, Ig- and haptoglobin-based SADCs with the corresponding cysteinylated peptides, that were covalently attached to the lysines of the corresponding biopolymer scaffold. Beside conjugation of the cysteinylated peptides to the lysines via a bifunctional amine-to-sulfhydryl crosslinker, a portion of the added cysteinylated SADC peptides directly reacted with sulfhydryl groups of cysteins of the albumin scaffold protein, which can be detected by treating the conjugates with DTT followed by subsequent detection of free peptides using mass spectrometry or any other analytical method that detects free peptide. Finally, these SADC conjugates were dialysed against water using Pur-A-Lyzer™ (Sigma) and subsequently lyophilized. The lyophilized material was resuspended in PBS before injection into animals.

In vivo functional testing of SADCs: Prototypic SADCs, SADC-E049 and SADC-E006 were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.; as a surrogate for an intended intravenous application in humans and larger animals) into the mice that had previously been immunized with peptide vaccine T3-2 (carrying the EBNA-1 model epitope) and peptide vaccine T1-1 (carrying the AChR MIR model epitope). The applied dose was 30 μg SADC conjugate in a volume of 50 μl PBS. Blood takes were performed by submandibular vein puncture, before (−48 h, −24 h) and after (+24 h, +48 h, +72 h, etc.) i.p. SADC injections, respectively, using capillary micro-hematocrit tubes. Using ELISA analysis (see below), it was found that both prototypic SADCs were able to clearly reduce the titers over a period of at least 72 hrs in the present animal model. It could therefore be concluded that SADCs can be used to effectively reduce titers in vivo.

Titer analysis: Peptide ELISAs were performed according to standard procedures using 96-well plates (Nunc Medisorp plates; Thermofisher, Cat Nr 467320) coated for 1 h at RT with BSA-coupled peptides (30 nM, dissolved in PBS) and incubated with the appropriate buffers while shaking (blocking buffer, 1% BSA, 1×PBS; washing buffer, 1×PBS/0.1% Tween; dilution buffer, 1×PBS/0.1% BSA/0.1% Tween). After serum incubation (dilutions starting at 1:50 in PBS; typically in 1:3 or 1:2 titration steps), bound antibodies were detected using Horseradish Peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (Fc) from Jackson immunoresearch (115-035-008). After stopping the reaction, plates were measured at 450 nm for 20 min using TMB. EC50 were calculated from readout values using curve fitting with a 4-parameter logistic regression model (GraphPad Prism) according to the procedures recommended by the manufacturer. Constraining parameters for ceiling and floor values were set accordingly, providing curve fitting quality levels of R²>0.98.

FIG. 1A shows an in vivo proof of concept in a mouse model for in vivo selective plasma-lowering activity of a prototypic albumin-based SADC candidate that binds to antibodies directed against EBNA1, as a model for autoantibodies and mimicry in preeclampsia (Elliott et al.). For these mouse experiments, mouse albumin was used, in order to avoid any reactivity against a protein from a foreign species. Antibody titers were induced in 6 months old Balb/c mice by standard peptide vaccination. The bottom panel demonstrates that titers Log IC50 (y-axis) before SADC injection (i.e. titers at −48 h and −24 h) were higher than titers Log IC50 after SADC application (i.e. titers +24 h, +48 h and +72 h after injection; indicated on the x-axis).

A similar example is shown in FIG. 1B, using an alternative example of a peptidic antibody binding moiety for a different disease indication. Antibody lowering activity of an albumin-based SADC in a mouse model that was pre-immunized with a different peptide derived from the human AChR protein MIR region (Luo et al.) in order to mimic the situation in myasthenia gravis. The induced antibody titers against the AChR-MIR region were used as surrogate for anti-AChR-MIR autoantibodies known to play a causative role in myasthenia gravis (reviewed by Vincent et al.). A clear titer reduction was seen after SADC application.

FIGS. 1C and 1D demonstrate the functionality of SADC variants comprising alternative biopolymer scaffolds. Specifically, FIG. 1C shows that an immunoglobulin scaffold can be successfully used whereas FIG. 1D demonstrates the use of a haptoglobin-scaffold for constructing an SADC. Both examples show an in vivo proof of concept for selective antibody lowering by an SADC, carrying covalently bound example peptide E049.

The haptoglobin-based SADC was generated using human Haptoglobin as a surrogate although the autologuous scaffold protein would be preferred. In order to avoid formation of anti-human-haptoglobin antibodies, only one single SADC injection per mouse of the non-autologuous scaffold haptoglobin was used for the present experimental conditions. As expected, under the present experimental conditions (i.e. one-time application), no antibody reactivity was observed against the present surrogate haptoglobin homologue. FIG. 1E demonstrates the selectivity of the SADC system.

The immunoglobulin-based SADC carrying the peptide E049 (i.e. the same as in FIG. 1C) cannot reduce the Ig-titer that was induced by a peptide vaccine with an unrelated, irrelevant amino acid sequence, designated peptide T8-1 (SEQ ID NO. 53: DHTLYTPYHTHPG). The example shows an in vivo proof of concept for the selectivity of the system. The top panel shows anti-peptide T8-1 titers (0.5× dilution steps starting from 1:50 to 1:102400; X-axis shows log(X) dilutions) against OD values (y-axis) according to a standard ELISA. T8-1-titers are unaffected by administration of SADC-Ig-E049 after application. The bottom panel demonstrates that the initial titers Log IC50 (y-axis) before SADC injection (i.e. titers at −48 h and −24 h) are unaffected by administration of SADC-Ig-E049 (arrow) when compared to the titers Log IC50 after SADC application (i.e. titers +24 h, +48 h and +72 h; as indicated on the x-axis), thereby demonstrating the selectivity of the system.

Example 2: Immunogenicity of SADCs

In order to exclude immunogenicity of SADCs, prototypic candidate SADCs were tested for their propensity to induce antibodies upon repeated injection. Peptides T3-1 and T9-1 were used for this test. T3-1 is a 10-amino acid peptide derived from a reference epitope of the Angiotensin receptor, against which agonistic autoantibodies are formed in a pre-eclampsia animal model (Zhou et al.); T9-1 is a 12-amino acid peptide derived from a reference anti-drug antibody epitope of human IFN gamma (Lin et al.). These control SADC conjugates were injected 8× every two weeks i.p. into naïve, non-immunized female BALB/c mice starting at an age of 8-10 weeks.

Animals C1-C4 were treated i.p. (as described in example 1) with SADC T3-1. Animals C5-C8 were treated i.p. with an SADC carrying the peptide T9-1. As a reference signal for ELISA analysis, plasma from a control animal that was vaccinated 3 times with KLH-peptide T1-1 (derived from the AChR-MIR, explained in Example 1) was used. Using BSA-conjugated peptide probes T3-1, T9-1 and E005 (SEQ ID NO. 54: GGVKKIHIPSEK), respectively, for antibody titer detection by standard ELISA at a dilution of 1:100, it could be demonstrated that antibody induction was absent in SADC-treated animals, when compared to the vaccine-treated control animal C (see FIG. 2 ). The plasmas were obtained by submandibular blood collection, 1 week after the 3rd vaccine injection (control animal C) and after the last of 8 consecutive SADC injections in 2-weeks intervals (animals C1-C8), respectively. Thus it was demonstrated that SADCs are non-immunogenic and do not induce antibody formation after repeated injection into mice.

Example 3: Successful In Vitro Depletion of Antibodies Using SADCs Carrying Multiple Copies of Monovalent or Divalent Peptides

Plasma of E006-KLH (VKKIHIPSEKG (SEQ ID NO: 41) with C-terminal cysteine, conjugated to KLH) vaccinated mice was diluted 1:3200 in dilution buffer (PBS+0.1% w/v BSA+0.1% Tween20) and incubated (100 μl, room temperature) sequentially (10 min/well) four times on single wells of a microtiter plate that was coated with 2.5 μg/ml (250 ng/well) of SADC or 5 μg/ml (500 ng/well) albumin as negative control.

In order to determine the amount of free, unbound antibody present before and after incubation on SADC coated wells, 50 μl of the diluted serum were taken before and after the depletion and quantified by standard ELISA using E006-BSA coated plates (10 nM peptide) and detection by goat anti mouse IgG bio (Southern Biotech, diluted 1:2000). Subsequently, the biotinylated antibody was detected with Streptavidin-HRP (Thermo Scientific, diluted 1:5000) using TMB as substrate. Development of the signal was stopped with 0.5 M sulfuric acid.

ELISA was measured at OD450 nm (y-axis). As a result, the antibody was efficiently adsorbed by either coated mono- or divalent SADCs containing peptide E006 with C-terminal cysteine (sequence VKKIHIPSEKGC, SEQ ID NO: 55) (before=non-depleted starting material; mono-divalent corresponds to peptides displayed on the SADC surface; neg. control was albumin; indicated on the x-axis). See FIG. 3 . (“Monovalent” means that peptide monomers are bound to the biopolymer scaffold (i.e. n=1) whereas “divalent” means that peptide dimers are bound to the biopolymer scaffold (i.e. n=2). In the present case, the divalent peptides were “homodivalent”, i.e. the peptide n-mer of the SADC is E006-S-E006.) This demonstrates that SADCs with mono- or divalent peptides are very suitable to adsorb antibodies and thereby deplete them.

Example 4: Generation of Mimotope-Based SADCs

Linear and circular peptides derived from wild-type or modified peptide amino acid sequences can be used for the construction of specific SADCs for the selective removal of harmful, disease-causing or otherwise unwanted antibodies directed against a particular epitope. In case of a particular epitope, linear peptides or constrained peptides such as cyclopeptides containing portions of an epitope or variants thereof, where for example, one or several amino acids have been substituted or chemically modified in order to improve affinity to an antibody (mimotopes), can be used for constructing SADCs. A peptide screen can be performed with the aim of identifying peptides with optimized affinity to a disease-inducing autoantibody. The flexibility of structural or chemical peptide modification provided a solution to minimize the risk of immunogenicity, in particular of binding of the peptide to HLA and thus the risk of unwanted immune stimulation.

Therefore, wild-type as well as modified linear and circular peptide sequences were derived from a known epitope associated with an autoimmune disease. Peptides of various length and positions were systematically permutated by amino acid substitutions and synthesized on a peptide array. This allowed screening of 60000 circular and linear wild-type and mimotope peptides derived from these sequences. The peptide arrays were incubated with an autoantibody known to be involved in the autoimmune disease. This autoantibody was therefore used to screen the 60000 peptides and 100 circular and 100 linear peptide hits were selected based on their relative binding strength to the autoantibody. Of these 200 peptides, 51 sequences were identical between the circular and the linear peptide group. All of the best peptides identified had at least one amino acid substitution when aligned to the original sequences, respectively and are therefore regarded as mimotopes. It also turned out that higher binding strengths can be achieved with circularized peptides.

These newly identified peptides, preferentially those with high relative binding values, are used to generate SADCs with anti-CD163 antibodies or CD163-binding fragments thereof as scaffold that are able to remove autoantibodies directed against this particular epitope or to develop further mimotopes and derivatives based on their sequences.

Example 5: Rapid, Selective Antibody Depletion in Mice Using Various SADC Biopolymer Scaffolds

10 μg of model undesired antibody mAB anti V5 (Thermo Scientific) was injected i.p. into female Balb/c mice (5 animals per treatment group; aged 9-11 weeks) followed by intravenous injection of 50 μg SADC (different biopolymer scaffolds with tagged V5 peptides bound, see below) 48 hrs after the initial antibody administration. Blood was collected at 24 hrs intervals from the submandibular vein. Blood samples for time point 0 hrs were taken just before SADC administration.

Blood was collected every 24 hrs until time point 120 hrs after the SADC administration (x-axis). The decay and reduction of plasma anti-V5 IgG levels after SADC administration was determined by anti V5 titer readout using standard ELISA procedures in combination with coated V5-peptide-BSA (peptide sequence IPNPLLGLDC—SEQ ID NO: 561) and detection by goat anti mouse IgG bio (Southern Biotech, diluted 1:2000) as shown in FIG. 4 . In addition, SADC levels (see Example 6) and immunocomplex formation (see Example 7) were analyzed.

EC50[OD450] values were determined using 4 parameter logistic curve fitting and relative signal decay between the initial level (set to 1 at time point 0) and the following time points (x-axis) was calculated as ratio of the EC50 values (y-axis, fold signal reduction EC50). All SADC peptides contained tags for direct detection of SADC and immunocomplexes from plasma samples; peptide sequences used for SADCs were: IPNPLLGLDGGSGDYKDDDDKGK(SEQ ID NO: 57)-(BiotinAca)GC (SADC with albumin scaffold—SADC-ALB, SADC with immunoglobulin scaffold—SADC-IG, SADC with haptoglobin scaffold—SADC-HP, and SADC with transferrin scaffold—SADC-TF) and unrelated peptide VKKIHIPSEKGGSGDYKDDDDKGK(SEQ ID NO: 58)-(BiotinAca)GC as negative control SADC (SADC-CTR).

The SADC scaffolds for the different treatment groups of 5 animals are displayed in black/grey shades (see inset of FIG. 4 ).

Treated groups exhibited rapid and pronounced antibody reduction already at 24 hrs (in particular SADC-TF) when compared to the mock treated control group SADC-CTL. SADC-CTR was used as reference for a normal antibody decay since it has no antibody lowering activity because its peptide sequence is not recognized by the administered anti V5 antibody. The decay of SADC-CTR is thus marked with a trend line, emphasizing the antibody level differences between treated and mock treated animals.

In order to determine the effectivity of selective antibody lowering under these experimental conditions, a two-way ANOVA test was performed using a Dunnett's multiple comparison test. 48 hrs after SADC administration, the antibody EC50 was highly significantly reduced in all SADC groups (p<0.0001) compared to the SADC-CTR reference group (trend line). At 120 hrs after SADC administration, antibody decrease was highly significant in the SADC-ALB and SADC-TF groups (both p<0.0001) and significant in the SADC-HP group (p=0.0292), whereas the SADC-IG group showed a trend towards an EC50 reduction (p=0.0722) 120 hrs after SADC administration. Of note, selective antibody reduction was highly significant (p<0.0001) in the SADC-ALB and SADC-TF groups at all tested time-points after SADC administration.

It is concluded that all SADC biopolymer scaffolds were able to selectively reduce antibody levels. Titer reduction was most pronounced with SADC-ALB and SADC-TF and no rebound or recycling of antibody levels was detected towards the last time points suggesting that undesired antibodies are degraded as intended.

Example 6: Detection of SADCs in Plasma 24 Hrs after SADC Injection

Plasma levels of different SADC variants at 24 hrs after i.v. injection into Balb/c mice. Determination of Plasma levels (y-axis) of SADC-ALB, -IG, -HP, -TF and the negative control SADC-CTR (x-axis), were detected in the plasmas from the animals already described in example 5. Injected plasma SADC levels were detected by standard ELISA whereby SADCs were captured via their biotin moieties of their peptides in combination with streptavidin coated plates (Thermo Scientific). Captured SADCs were detected by mouse anti Flag-HRP antibody (Thermo Scientific, 1:2,000 diluted) detecting the Flag-tagged peptides (see also example 7):

Assuming a theoretical amount in the order of 25 μg/ml in blood after injecting 50 μg SADC i.v., the detectable amount of SADC ranged between 799 and 623 ng/ml for SADC-ALB or SADC-IG and up to approximately 5000 ng/ml for SADC-TF, 24 hrs after SADC injection. However surprisingly and in contrast, SADC-HP and control SADC-CTR (which is also a SADC-HP variant, however carrying the in this case unrelated negative control peptide E006, see previous examples), had completely disappeared from circulation 24 hrs after injection, and were not detectable anymore. See FIG. 5 .

This demonstrates that both Haptoglobin scaffold-based SADCs tested in the present example ((namely SADC-HP and SADC-CTR) exhibit a relatively shorter plasma half-life which represents an advantage over SADCs such as SADC-ALB, SADC-IG oder SADC-TF in regard of their potential role in complement-dependent vascular and renal damage due to the in vivo risk of immunocomplex formation. Another advantage of SADC-HP is the accelerated clearance rate of their unwanted target antibody from blood in cases where a rapid therapeutic effect is needed. The present results demonstrate that Haptoglobin-based SADC scaffolds (as represented by SADC-HP and SADC-CTR) are subject to rapid clearance from the blood, regardless of whether SADC-binding antibodies are present in the blood, thereby minimizing undesirable immunocomplex formation and showing rapid and efficient clearance. Haptoglobin-based SADCs such as SADC-HP in the present example thus provide a therapeutically relevant advantage over other SADC biopolymer scaffolds, such as demonstrated by SADC-TF or SADC-ALB, both of which are still detectable 24 hrs after injection under the described conditions, in contrast to SADC-HP or SADC-CTR which both are completely cleared 24 hrs after injection.

Example 7: Detection of SADC-IgG Complexes in Plasma 24 Hrs after SADC Injection

In order to determine the amount IgG bound to SADCs in vivo, after i.v. injection of 10 μg anti V5 IgG (Thermo Scientific) followed by injection of SADC-ALB, -HP, -TF and -CTR (50 μg) administered i.v. 48 h after antibody injection, plasma was collected from the submandibular vein, 24 hrs after SADC injection, and incubated on streptavidin plates for capturing SADCs from plasma via their biotinylated SADC-V5-peptide [IPNPLLGLDGGSGDYKDDDDKGK(SEQ ID NO: 57) (BiotinAca)GC or in case of SADC-CTR the negative control peptide VKKIHIPSEKGGSGDYKDDDDKGK(SEQ ID NO: 58) (BiotinAca)GC]. IgG bound to the streptavidin-captured SADCs was detected by ELISA using a goat anti mouse IgG HRP antibody (Jackson Immuno Research, diluted 1:2,000) for detection of the SADC-antibody complexes present in plasma 24 hrs after SADC injection. OD450 nm values (y-axis) obtained for a negative control serum from untreated animals were subtracted from the OD450 nm values of the test groups (x-axis) for background correction.

As shown in FIG. 6 , pronounced anti-V5 antibody signals were seen in case of SADC-ALB and SADC-TF injected mice (black bars represent background corrected OD values at a dilution of 1:25, mean value of 5 mice; standard deviation error bars), whereas no antibody signal could be detected in plasmas from SADC-HP or control SADC-CTR injected animals (SADC-CTR is a negative control carrying the irrelevant peptide bio-FLG-E006 [VKKIHIPSEKGGSGDYKDDDDKGK(SEQ ID NO: 58) (BiotinAca)GC] that is not recognized by any anti V5 antibody). This demonstrates the absence of detectable amounts of SADC-HP/IgG complexes in the plasma 24 hrs after i.v. SADC application.

SADC-HP is therefore subject to accelerated clearance in anti V5 pre-injected mice when compared to SADC-ALB or SADC-TF.

Example 8: In Vitro Analysis of SADC-Immunoglobulin Complex Formation

SADC-antibody complex formation was analyzed by pre-incubating 1 μg/ml of human anti V5 antibody (anti V5 epitope tag [SV5-P-K], human IgG3, Absolute Antibody) with increasing concentrations of SADC-ALB, -IG, -HP, -TF and -CTR (displayed on the x-axis) in PBS+0.1% w/v BSA+0.1% v/v Tween20 for 2 hours at room temperature in order to allow for immunocomplex formation in vitro. After complex formation, samples were incubated on ELISA plates that had previously been coated with 10 μg/ml of human C1q (CompTech) for 1 h at room temperature, in order to allow capturing of in vitro formed immunocomplexes. Complexes were subsequently detected by ELISA using anti human IgG (Fab specific)-Peroxidase (Sigma, diluted 1:1,000). Measured signals at OD450 nm (y-axis) reflect Antibody-SADC complex formation in vitro.

As shown in FIG. 7 , SADC-TF and -ALB showed pronounced immunocomplex formation and binding to C1q as reflected by the strong signals and by sharp signal lowering in case 1000 ng/ml SADC-TF due to the transition from antigen-antibody equilibrium to antigen excess. In contrast, in vitro immunocomplex formation with SADC-HP or SADC-IG were much less efficient when measured in the present assay.

Together with the in vivo data (previous examples), these findings corroborate the finding that haptoglobin scaffolds are advantageous over other SADC biopolymer scaffolds because of the reduced propensity to activate the complement system. In contrast, SADC-TF or SADC-ALB show higher complexation, and thereby carry a certain risk of activating the C1 complex with initiation of the classical complement pathway (a risk which may be tolerable in some settings, however).

Example 9: Determination of IgG Capturing by SADCs In Vitro

Immunocomplexes were allowed to form in vitro, similar to the previous example, using 1 μg/ml mouse anti V5 antibody (Thermo Scientific) in combination with increasing amounts of SADCs (displayed on the x-axis). SADC-antibody complexes were captured on a streptavidin coated ELISA plate via the biotinylated SADC-peptides (see previous examples), followed by detection of bound anti-V5 using anti mouse IgG-HRP (Jackson Immuno Research, diluted 1:2,000).

Under these assay conditions, SADC-HP showed markedly less antibody binding capacity in vitro when compared to SADC-TF or SADC-ALB (see FIG. 8 , A). The calculated EC50 values for IgG detection on SADCs were 7.0 ng/ml, 27.9 ng/ml and 55.5 ng/ml for SADC-TF, -ALB and —HP, respectively (see FIG. 8 , B).

This in vitro finding is consistent with the observation (see previous examples) that SADC-HP has a lower immunocomplex formation capacity when compared to SADC-TF or SADC-ALB which is regarded as a safety advantage with respect to its therapeutic use for the depletion of unwanted antibodies.

Example 10: SADCs to Reduce Undesired Antibodies Against AAV-8

Three SADCs are provided to reduce AAV-8-neutralizing antibodies which hamper gene therapy (see Gurda et al. for the epitopes used; see also AAV-8 capsid protein sequence UniProt Q8JQF8, sequence version 1):

-   -   (a) SADC-a with Mac2-158 (as disclosed in WO 2011/039510 A2) as         biopolymer scaffold and at least two peptides with the sequence         LQQQNT (SEQ ID NO: 35) covalently bound to the scaffold,     -   (b) SADC-b with Mac2-48 (as disclosed in WO 2011/039510 A2) as         biopolymer scaffold and at least two peptides with the sequence         TTTGQNNNS (SEQ ID NO: 36) covalently bound to the scaffold, and     -   (c) SADC-c with Mac2-158 (as disclosed in WO 2011/039510 A2) as         biopolymer scaffold and at least two peptides with the sequence         GTANTQ (SEQ ID NO: 37) covalently bound to the scaffold.

These SADCs are administered to an individual who will undergo gene therapy with AAV-8 as vector in order to increase efficiency of the gene therapy.

Example 11: In-Vivo Function of Anti-CD163-Antibody-Based SADC Biopolymer Scaffold

Rapid in vivo blood clearance of anti-mouse-CD163 mAB E10B10 (as disclosed in WO 2011/039510 A2). mAB E10B10 was resynthesized with a mouse IgG2a backbone. 50 μg mAb E10B10 and Mac2-158 (human-specific anti-CD163 mAb as disclosed in WO 2011/039510 A2, used as negative control in this example since it does not bind to mouse CD163) were injected i.v. into mice and measured after 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96 hours in an ELISA to determine the blood clearance.

mAb E10B10 was much more rapidly cleared from circulation than control mAb Mac2-158 was, as shown in FIG. 9 , since E10B10 binds to the mouse CD163 whereas Mac2-158 is human-specific, although both were expressed as mouse IgG2a isotypes for direct comparison.

In conclusion, anti-CD163 antibodies are highly suitable as SADC scaffold because of their clearance profile. SADCs with such scaffolds will rapidly clear undesirable antibodies from circulation.

Detailed methods: 50 ug of biotinylated monoclonal antibodies E10B10 and biotinylated Mac2-158 were injected i.v. into mice and measured after 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96 hours to determine the clearance by ELISA: Streptavidin plates were incubated with plasma samples diluted in PBS+0.1% BSA+0.1% Tween20 for 1 h at room temperature (50 μl/well). After washing (3× with PBS+0.1% Tween20), bound biotinylated antibodies were detected with anti-mouse IgG+IgM-HRP antibody at a 1:1000 dilution. After washing, TMB substrate was added and development of the substrate was stopped with TMB Stop Solution. The signal at OD450 nm was read. The EC50 values were calculated by non-linear regression using 4 parametric curve fitting with constrained curves and least squares regression. EC50 values at time-point T12 (this was the first measured time-point after antibody injection) was set at 100%, all other EC50 values were compared to the levels at T12.

Example 12: Epitope Mapping of Anti-CD163 mAbs

mAB E10B10 provides CD163-mediated, accelerated in vivo clearance from blood in mice (see example 11). The epitope of this antibody was fine mapped using circular peptide arrays, whereby the peptides were derived from mouse CD163. As a result, a peptide cluster that is recognized by mAB E10B10 was identified (see example 13).

The same epitope mapping procedure using circularized peptides was performed with mAB Mac2-158 (as disclosed in WO 2011/039510 A2). Epitope mapping results for mAB Mac2-158 yielded two peptide clusters (see example 13) which allowed further demarcation of CD163 epitope regions that are especially relevant to internalization of ligands and antibodies that bind to the receptor.

These newly characterized epitopes for Mac2-158 and E10B10 thus revealed three preferred binding regions for antibodies against CD163. Based on the fine epitope mapping work, linear or preferentially circular peptides are synthesized and used for the induction, production and selection of polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies or other CD163-binding SADC scaffolds that target CD163.

Example 13: Epitope mapping of anti-CD163 mAbs

Peptides aligned to SRCR domain 1 of human CD163 were selected from the top 20 peptide hits of mAB Mac2-158 circular epitope mapping peptides and the most preferred sequences were selected from two peptide alignment clusters at the N-terminus and at the C-terminus of SRCR-1 of human CD163. As a result, the following sequences (as well as motifs derived therefrom) are highly suitable epitopes anti-CD163 antibodies and fragments thereof used as SADC biopolymer scaffold:

  Peptide cluster 1: 04 (SEQ ID NO: 7) ----------------EWGTVCNNGWSME------- 07 (SEQ ID NO: 59) -----CSGRVEVKVQEEW------------------ 09 (SEQ ID NO: 8) --------------QEEWGTVCNNGWS--------- 12 (SEQ ID NO: 9) -----------------WGTVCNNGWSMEA------ 14 (SEQ ID NO: 10) ---------------EEWGTVCNNGWSM-------- 18 (SEQ ID NO: 11) -------------VQEEWGTVCNNGW---------- 19 (SEQ ID NO: 12) ----------------EWGTVCNNGW---------- 20 (SEQ ID NO: 5) -----------------WGTVCNNGWS--------- huCD163-domain1-3 (SEQ ID NO: 60) DGENKCSGRVEVKVQEEWGTVCNNGWSMEAVSVICN Peptide cluster 2: 01 (SEQ ID NO: 23) ------------ESALWDC-------------- 02 (SEQ ID NO: 24) ---------RGNESALWDC-------------- 03 (SEQ ID NO: 25) -------SCRGNESALW---------------- 05 (SEQ ID NO: 26) ------VSCRGNESALWDC-------------- 06 (SEQ ID NO. 27) --------------ALWDCKHDGW--------- 08 (SEQ ID NO. 28) ----DHVSCRGNESALW---------------- 11 SEQ ID NO. 29) --------CRGNESALWD--------------- 13 (SEQ ID NO. 30) -----------NESALWDCKHDGW--------- 17 (SEQ ID NO. 21) ------------ESALWDCKHDGWG-------- huCD163-domain1-3 (SEQ ID NO: 61) RIWMDHVSCRGNESALWDCKHDGWGKHSNCTHQ

Fine epitope mapping of mAb E10B10 was performed as for Mac2-158. 1068 circular peptides (sized 7, 10 and 13 amino acids) and derived from SRCR-1 to -3 of the mouse CD163 sequence (UniProKB Q2VLH6.2) were screened with mAB E10B10 and the following top binding peptides were obtained (ranked by relative signal strength). The human CD163 sequence was aligned to this cluster of mouse CD163 sequences, revealing another highly suitable epitope:

  01 (SEQ ID NO: 62) ---------------------VTNAPGEMKKELR--------- 02 (SEQ ID NO: 63) ------------------ASAVTNAPGEMKK------------ 03 (SEQ ID NO: 64) ---------------------VTNAPGEMKK------------ 04 (SEQ ID NO: 65) ---------------------VTNAPGE--------------- 05 (SEQ ID NO: 66) ----------------GSASAVTNAPGEM-------------- 06 (SEQ ID NO: 67) --------------------AVTNAPGEMKKEL---------- 07 (SEQ ID NO: 68) -----------------SASAVTNAPGEMK------------- 08 (SEQ ID NO: 69) ---------------SCSASAVTNAPGE--------------- 09 (SEQ ID NO: 70) --------------------AVTNAPGEMK------------- 10 (SEQ ID NO: 71) -------------------SAVTNAPGEM-------------- 11 (SEQ ID NO: 72) ------------------ASAVTNAPGE--------------- 12 (SEQ ID NO: 73) ------------------SAVTNAPGEMKKE------------ 13 (SEQ ID NO: 74) ---------------------TNAPGEMKKE------------ mCD163 (SRCR 1, N terminus) (SEQ ID NO: 75)                     VTNAPGEMKKELRLACGCENNCS hCD163 (SRCR 1, N terminus) (SEQ ID NO: 76)                        SSLGGTDKELRLVDGENKCS

The human homologues of mouse peptides 01-13 from cluster 3 have the following sequences of the N-terminal portion of the mature human CD163 protein (UniProtKB: Q86VB7):

  Cluser 3 peptides (mouse): human homologues: 01 (SEQ ID NO: 33) SSLGGTDKELR 06 (SEQ ID NO: 78) SSLGGTDKEL 12, 13 (SEQ ID NO: 79) SSLGGTDKE 02, 03 (SEQ ID NO: 80) SSLGGTDK 07, 09 (SEQ ID NO: 81) SSLGGTD 05, 10 (SEQ ID NO: 82) SSLGGT 04, 08, 11 (SEQ ID NO: 34) SSLGG hCD163 (SRCR-1) (SEQ ID NO: 76) SSLGGTDKELRLVDGENKCS

These homologue peptides represent further highly suitable epitopes for the anti-CD163 antibody-based biopolymer scaffold.

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1. A compound comprising: a biopolymer scaffold; and at least a first peptide n-mer of the general formula: P(-S-P)_((n-1)) and a second peptide n-mer of the general formula: P(-S-P)_((n-1))-; wherein, independently for each occurrence, P is a peptide with a sequence length of 2-13 amino acids, and S is a non-peptide spacer-; wherein, independently for each of the peptide n-mers, n is an integer of at least 1; wherein each of the peptide n-mers is bound to the biopolymer scaffold, preferably via a linker each; and wherein the biopolymer scaffold is an anti-CD163 antibody or CD163-binding fragment thereof.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein at least one occurrence of P is a circularized peptide.
 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein, independently for each occurrence, P is P_(a) or P_(b), wherein P_(a) is a peptide with a sequence length of 2-13 amino acids; wherein P_(b) is a peptide with a sequence length of 2-13 amino acids; and wherein the first peptide n-mer is P_(a)-S-P_(a) and the second peptide n-mer is P_(a)-S-P_(a)-, the first peptide n-mer is P_(a)-S-P_(a) and the second peptide n-mer is P_(b)-S-P_(b)-, the first peptide n-mer is P_(b)-S-P_(b) and the second peptide n-mer is P_(b)-S-P_(b)-, the first peptide n-mer is P_(a)-S-P_(b) and the second peptide n-mer is P_(a)-S-P_(b)-, the first peptide n-mer is P_(a)-S-P_(b) and the second peptide n-mer is P_(a)-S-P_(a)-, or the first peptide n-mer is P_(a)-S-P_(b) and the second peptide n-mer is P_(b)-S-P_(b).
 4. The compound of claim 3, wherein the peptide P_(a) and the peptide P_(b) are two different epitopes of the same antigen or two different epitope parts of the same epitope.
 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein the anti-CD163 antibody or CD163-binding fragment thereof is specific for human CD163.
 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is non-immunogenic in a mammal, preferably in a human, in a non-human primate, in a sheep, in a pig, in a dog or in a rodent.
 7. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 1 and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 8. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 7, wherein the composition is non-immunogenic in humans.
 9. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 7 for use in therapy.
 10. The pharmaceutical composition for use according to claim 9, for use in prevention or treatment of an autoimmune disease in an individual having the autoimmune disease or being at risk of developing the autoimmune disease.
 11. The pharmaceutical composition for use according to claim 9, for use in prevention or treatment of transplant rejection in an individual having a transplant or eligible for a transplantation.
 12. The pharmaceutical composition for use according to claim 9, for use in prevention or treatment of adverse reactions based on anti-drug antibodies or anti-gene-delivery vector antibodies, in particular anti-AAV antibodies, in an individual undergoing therapy with the drug or eligible for therapy with the drug, or in an individual undergoing gene therapy or eligible for gene therapy, preferably wherein the drug is a peptide or protein, especially selected from the group of enzymes, enzyme inhibitors, antibodies, antibody fragments, antibody mimetics, antibody-drug conjugates, hormones, growth factors, clotting factors and cytokines, preferably wherein the entire sequence, optionally with the exception of an N-terminal and/or C-terminal cysteine, of at least one occurrence of peptide P, or of peptide P_(a) and/or of peptide P_(b) is identical to a sequence fragment of an amino-acid sequence of the peptide or protein, optionally wherein said sequence fragment comprises at most five amino acid substitutions.
 13. A method of sequestering one or more antibodies present in an individual, comprising: obtaining a pharmaceutical composition as defined in claim 7, wherein the composition is non-immunogenic in the individual and wherein the one or more antibodies present in the individual are specific for at least one occurrence of P, or for peptide P_(a) and/or peptide P_(b); and administering the pharmaceutical composition to the individual.
 14. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising the compound of claim 1 and further comprising an active agent such as a protein or a peptide and optionally at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein the active agent comprises a peptide fragment with a sequence length of 2-13 amino acids; and wherein the sequence of at least one occurrence of peptide P, or peptide P_(a) and/or peptide P_(b), of the compound is at least 70% identical.
 15. A method of inhibiting an immune reaction to a treatment with an active agent in an individual in need of treatment with the active agent, comprising: obtaining a pharmaceutical composition as defined in claim 14; wherein the compound of the pharmaceutical composition is non-immunogenic in the individual, and administering the pharmaceutical composition to the individual. 